Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism was diagnosed in five young to middle-aged cats of mixed breeding. Three of the cats were male and two were female. Historic signs included lethargy (n = 5), anorexia (n = 5), muscle tremors (n = 4), weakness (n = 4), generalized seizures (n = 3), ataxia (n = 3), mental dullness or disorientation (n = 3), panting (n = 2), pruritus (n = 1), ptyalism (n = 1) and dysphagia (n = 1). Weakness (n = 4), dehydration (n = 2), cataracts (n = 2), hypothermia (n = 1), and bradycardia (n = 1) were found on physical examination. Results of electrocardiography revealed a prolonged Q-T interval in two cats. Results of initial laboratory tests revealed profound hypocalcemia and severe hyperphosphatemia with normal renal function. The diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism was made on the basis of the history, clinical signs, and results serum biochemical testing (i.e., severe hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia); in two cats, the diagnosis was also confirmed by histologic examination of parathyroid glands. Initial treatment included intravenous administration of 10% calcium gluconate and oral administration of large loading doses of calcium and vitamin D (dihydrotachysterol). Successful long-term management with dihydrotachysterol and calcium was achieved in all cats. The final dosage of dihydrotachysterol required to maintain normocalcemia in the five cats ranged from 0.004 to 0.04 mg/kg/day (mean = 0.015 mg/kg/day). Long-term calcium supplementation was given to three of the cats in dosages ranging from 29 to 53 mg/kg/day (mean = 42 mg/kg/day) of elemental calcium. One cat died after 28 months of therapy from widely metastatic hemangiosarcoma; the other three cats are still alive and well after 5 to 37 months of treatment.
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PMID:Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism in five cats. 202 14

Nutritional rickets was diagnosed in 18 infants aged eight to 24 months. Clinical features included progressive leg bowing, poor linear growth, a diet deficient in vitamin D, seizures, and abnormal serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase levels. Wrist radiographs and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were the most useful confirmatory tests. Breast milk may not contain enough vitamin D to protect infants, particularly dark-skinned children and those living in cloudy, northern U.S. cities, from rickets after six months of age. As breast feeding becomes more widely practiced, care is required to ensure that infants at high risk for rickets receive appropriate vitamin D supplementation.
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PMID:Nutritional rickets. 223 38

The hypocalcaemia observed in infants and children may have different causes, the most common being vitamin D deficiency rickets, which still exists, and hypoparathyroidism, which is rare. The clinical manifestations of hypocalcaemia may be neurological disorders, such as seizures, respiratory disorders with possible laryngospasm or severe cardiac disorders that may result in sudden death. Pronounced or symptomatic hypoglycaemia requires hospitalization and active therapy. Treatment has now been improved by the 1-hydroxyle derivatives of vitamin D.
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PMID:[Hypocalcemia in infants and children]. 271 66

A case of several severe fractures in one patient following epileptic seizures is reported. The patient suffered from epileptic osteomalacia and responded well to vitamin D treatment. The cause of anticonvulsant-induced osteomalacia and its treatment are discussed.
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PMID:Fractures caused by epileptic seizures and epileptic osteomalacia. 309 34

An 8-year-old boy with vitamin D-deficiency rickets, increased serum creatine kinase (CK), and hypocalcemia is described. At 5 years of age, he was evaluated because of recurrent tonic seizures. He had growth retardation, microcephaly, quadriplegia, mental retardation, and epilepsy. Muscle strength was difficult to assess because of multiple joint contractures. Deep tendon reflexes were hyperactive. Laboratory data indicated rachitic changes on x-ray, hypocalcemia, low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D) and 1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1-alpha-25-[OH]2-D) levels, a normal response to the Ellsworth-Howard test, and markedly increased CK. Electromyography and nerve conduction velocities were normal. The patient responded to 1-alpha-OH-D treatment with increased serum calcium and normal CK activity; a significant correlation (p less than 0.01) was observed between calcium and log CK. The clinical course and laboratory findings supported the hypothesis that the increased CK was due to hypocalcemia, which in turn was due to the vitamin D deficiency in the severely handicapped child with malnutrition.
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PMID:Increased serum creatine kinase due to hypocalcemia in vitamin D deficiency. 350 46

A case of false-negative Tc-99m MDP bone scintigrams, taken at one and two weeks for pathologic fractures in a patient with metabolic bone disease and a super-scan appearance, is described. The patient had renal osteodystrophy, and postparathyroidectomy hypocalcemia. Postoperative seizures caused multiple pathologic fractures. Initial scans were negative for focal tracer localization in the presence of a continued super-scan appearance. After months of calcium and vitamin D replacement therapy, fracture sites became positive on Tc-99m MDP imaging. The observations in this case lend credence to the hypothesis of Tc-99m MDP binding by immature collagen in the production of a super scan in metabolic bone disease, as well as that of Tc-99m MDP chemisorption to calcium hydroxyapatite crystal in fracture healing. In addition, aluminum toxicity, common in chronic renal osteodystrophy, may have played a role in the delayed fracture healing.
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PMID:Pathologic fractures in a patient with renal osteodystrophy. Failure of early detection on bone scans. 360 30

The frequency of epileptic seizures was observed in a controlled therapeutic trial on 23 epileptic inpatients before and after treatment with vitamin D(2) or placebo in addition to anticonvulsant drugs. The number of seizures was reduced during treatment with vitamin D(2) but not with placebo. The effect was unrelated to changes in serum calcium or magnesium. The results may support the concept that epileptics should be treated prophylactically with vitamin D.
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PMID:"Anticonvulsant action" of vitamin D in epileptic patients? A controlled pilot study. 420 65

Electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampal formation of the rat was employed to determine the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3), the hormonal form of vitamin D, on induced seizure thresholds. Stereotaxic injection of 100 micrograms or 50 micrograms 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in 2 microliter propylene glycol into the hippocampus resulted in a significant elevation in seizure threshold in all animals treated. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced increases were noted within 5-10 min and lasted at least 120-180 min after injection when the experiments were terminated. Intravenous injection of 1,25-(OH)2D3 also resulted in a significant elevation of seizure threshold; however, the increase was transient, lasting only 30 min. This effect was specific since 200 micrograms vitamin D3 or 200 micrograms 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-(OH)D3), injected into the hippocampus, had no effect on seizure threshold levels. This investigation represents the first direct demonstration of a role for 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the regulation of seizure activity and suggests, along with the previously demonstrated presence of immunoreactive vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein and receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the brain, that the vitamin D endocrine system may play a significant role in the physiological mechanisms underlying convulsive disorders.
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PMID:Administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 results in the elevation of hippocampal seizure threshold levels in rats. 654 70

A comprehensive review, evaluating 51 randomized double-blind controlled studies, covering different aspects of epileptology, is presented. Trials were grouped according to the investigated topic and for each group an attempt was made to derive an overall conclusion. The majority of studies investigated antiepileptic drug treatments. Other topics were: psychotropic effect of antiepileptic drugs, folic acid and vitamin D administration in epilepsy, and EEG investigations. A cross-sectional analysis of items such as designs, patient sampling principles, recording of effect parameters and side effects, concomitant treatments, and statistical evaluations demonstrated that cross-over designs, investigating fixed dosage schedules, were extensively used. Less than half of these studies included a washout period between treatments, complicating the interpretation of the obtained results. The vast majority of studies involved only chronic patients; and marked heterogeneity in patient selection with respect to age, seizure type, and mental status, and severity of epilepsy was observed. Classifications of seizures varied between the studies. The most prominent effect parameter was seizure frequency. The use of heterogeneous patient samples frequently necessitated equalization of widely different seizure types in order to perform statistical analyses. The mean duration of trials was 6 months, precluding evaluation of chronic toxicity. The majority of studies recorded side effects, but data collection was rather unsystematic and statistical evaluation was seldom applied. Most studies were add-on trials, and since concomitant treatment was frequently changed during the investigations, it was difficult to evaluate the influence of this variable. A correlation analysis across trials demonstrated, among other things, that the common assumption that short controlled trials provide too optimistic results, could not be substantiated. This survey provides no firm indication of which drug is more suitable for which seizure type.
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PMID:Controlled trials in epilepsy: a review. 681 1

The course of a successful pregnancy in a kidney transplant recipient suffering from hypoparathyroidism is reported. The infant, born at 34 weeks' gestation, had normocalcemia and transient hyperparathyroidism. Maternal hypocalcemic attacks are liable to occur in the third trimester. Close observation with adequate supplements of calcium and vitamin D derivatives are required. Enhancement of fetal lung maturation and early delivery are advocated as effective treatment for the increasing frequency of hypocalcemic seizures.
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PMID:Association of hypoparathyroidism and successful pregnancy in kidney transplant recipient. 704 37


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