Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clobazam, an anxiolytic 1,5-benzodiazepine, has been evaluated as an anticonvulsant in 2 animal models. In mice showing sound induced seizures, clobazam, 1--4 mg/kg, i.p., blocked seizure responses for 1--2 hr. In Senegalese baboons Papio papio showing photically induced myoclonus or seizures, clobazam, 2--12 mg/kg, i.v., totally prevented such responses for up to 6 hr. In baboons pretreated with allylglycine, 170--185 mg/kg, a similar but briefer protection was induced by clobazam. Neurological toxicity was not prominent (transient, slight nystagmus after clobazam, 2--6 mg/kg; muscular hypotonia after clobazam, 12 mg/kg). The possibility that 1,5-benzodiazepines are superior to 1,4-benzodiazepines in the therapy of epilepsy requires clinical investigation.
 ...
PMID:Anticonvulsant action of a 1,5-benzodiazepine, clobazam, in reflex epilepsy. 9 17

Clobazam is a benzodiazepine with special molecular structure (its nitrogen radicals are in positions 1 and 5, rather than 1 and 4 as in all other antiepileptic benzodiazepines), and it is rapidly effective--in a matter of hours or within a few days--against all varieties of epileptic seizures in 52% of subjects treated with it. Its effects are relatively mild. Unfortunately, its outstanding antiepileptic properties are exhausted after only a few weeks in one-third of all cases. The authors discuss the potential significance of this phenomenon, and stress the urgent need for intensive study of the basic mechanism governing exhaustion of the antiepileptic properties of the benzodiazepines in general and clobazam in particular.
 ...
PMID:Antiepileptic properties of clobazam, a 1-5 benzodiazepine, in man. 38 76

The serum valproate (VPA) concentration and the clinical effects of polytherapy with other antiepileptic drugs: phenobarbital (PB), clonazepam (CZP), diazepam (DZ), clobazam (CLO), ethosuximide (ESX) were estimated. VPA serum levels were reduced when this drug was combined with phenobarbital. Clobazam given together with valproate led to an increase in the serum concentration of the former drug. VPA serum levels were without significant changes when the drug was combined with either ethosuximide or 1-4-benzodiazepines. The best therapeutical effects were found after polytherapy sodium valproate with ethosuximide and clobazam in primary generalized seizures.
 ...
PMID:Certain aspects of interaction between sodium valproate and other anticonvulsant drugs in the therapy of epilepsy in children. 130 65

Clobazam was added to the previous antiepileptic drug therapy of 90 children suffering from drug resistant epilepsy. Ten patients became seizure free, although four of these later developed tolerance. Thirty-three patients experienced a decrease in seizure frequency, and 24 of these, too, developed tolerance. Forty-four patients showed no change in seizure frequency, and three experienced an increase. The best results were experienced by patients with myoclonic seizures, whereas patients with complex partial seizures usually developed tolerance. The concentrations of clobazam and its active metabolite norclobazam were measured in 251 serum and 57 saliva samples. The group of seizure-free patients had the lowest clobazam and norclobazam concentrations; tolerance was associated with the highest concentrations. Beneficial side effects were associated with low, and adverse effects with high, concentrations of norclobazam. The concentrations of clobazam and norclobazam in saliva correlated with concentrations in serum. Monitoring of serum and salivary concentrations of clobazam and norclobazam is of limited value only, and no therapeutic target range can be given.
 ...
PMID:Monitoring of concentrations of clobazam and norclobazam in serum and saliva of children with epilepsy. 192 10

Clobazam, a novel benzodiazepine, was used as an add-on agent in 47 adult patients with intractable epilepsy and a variety of seizure types. A greater than 75% reduction in seizure frequency was observed in 42% (18) of the patients and a greater than 50% reduction in 65% (29) of the patients which was sustained over a mean follow-up period of 13.3 (+/- 5.6) months. Nine patients had to discontinue the drug due to minor adverse effects or increased seizures. Possible tolerance developed in 6 patients. Plasma levels of the active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam were linearly related to dosage and appeared to correlate with both therapeutic and toxic responses. Clobazam appears to be a safe and effective add-on antiepileptic for a wide variety of seizure types in intractable epilepsy.
 ...
PMID:Add-on trial of clobazam in intractable adult epilepsy with plasma level correlations. 220 87

One hundred and fifty patients with eating seizures were detected over a 9 year period in two hospital clinics in Sri Lanka. The clinical and EEG features of 120 of them are compared to a control group of 120 patients with epilepsy. Patients with eating seizures showed a male predominance of 3:1. In more than 50% the onset of epilepsy was in the 2nd decade of life. A family history of epilepsy was obtained in 28.3% and 21 siblings themselves had eating seizures. The seizure type was simple or complex partial, secondarily generalised seizures were common. The EEG in 71.6% showed spikes, sharp/slow waves, focal in the temporal areas. The response to medication of eating seizures was similar to that of controls. Clobazam used in 17 patients as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy proved useful. The very high prevalence of eating epilepsy in the present series could pathogenically be related to genetic or ethnic factors and to the bulky meals rich in carbohydrates consumed by the patients.
 ...
PMID:'Eating epilepsy'--a reappraisal. 230 23

EMA (eyelid myoclonia with absences) consists of brief seizures triggered by eyelid closure and characterized by absence and palpebral myoclonia. The EEG shows brief discharges with 3 per second spike and wave complexes. The present report describes the cases of 2 monovular twins who started to have this form of epilepsy at the age of 4 1/2 years. Their seizures, after 2 years of follow-up, are greatly reduced with combined therapy of valproic acid and benzodiazepines (Clobazam).
 ...
PMID:Eyelid myoclonia with absences (EMA) in two monovular twins. 250 35

Clobazam was used as an added treatment in 28 patients with intractable epilepsies: 26 subjects had associated handicaps. A good response was observed during the first two-three months of Clobazam treatment: the reduction in seizure frequency of 73% for partial seizures and 62% for GTCs. A tolerance to Clobazam treatment was observed after the third month of treatment: at the end of the sixth month, the seizure frequency was reduced to 36% for partial seizures and 39% for GTCs. Out of 28 patients 4 were seizure free at the end of the sixth month; we have not found any specific characteristic in these patients. The AA. suggest the possibility of an intermittent use of Clobazam for this type of patients.
 ...
PMID:Intractable epilepsies. An open trial with Clobazam. 265 75

The effects of chronic treatment with two benzodiazepines were studied on kindled amygdaloid seizures in rats. Clobazam (4 mg kg-1), clonazepam (0.3 mg kg-1) or vehicle (1 mL kg-1) was administered, by intraperitoneal injection, to fully kindled rats twice daily for nineteen days. Each rat was electrically stimulated 30 min after the morning dose on alternate days of treatment. Tolerance developed rapidly to the anticonvulsant effects of clobazam after only three days of treatment, following which only a small residual protection was maintained. Tolerance to clonazepam developed gradually over the course of the experiment, although this effect was relatively minor.
 ...
PMID:Differences in the development of tolerance to two anticonvulsant benzodiazepines in the amygdaloid kindled rat. 289 35

Studies suggest that the 1,5-benzodiazepine clobazam possesses a favorable anticonvulsant profile due to its minimal neurotoxicity. The anticonvulsant and motor impairment effects of clobazam and 2 1,4-benzodiazepine, diazepam and clonazepam, were compared by dose-response analysis in amygdala-kindled rats and on 3 tests of motor function: gross motor impairment, a vertical screen test, and muscle tone. All drugs produced a significant, dose-dependent decrease in the duration of both behavioral and electrographic kindled seizure measures. Forelimb clonus suppression was the most sensitive measure of anticonvulsant drug effect. The order of potency for all effects was clonazepam greater than diazepam greater than clobazam. ED50s for the benzodiazepines' effects on motor impairment were compared to their ability to protect rats from forelimb clonus. Different spectrums of action for the various benzodiazepines were found depending on the comparison measure. Clonazepam had the most favorable ratio of potency for anticonvulsant vs. motor impairment activity when ataxia rating was the comparison measure. Diazepam had the most advantageous profile when the more sensitive screen test was used for comparison. Clobazam was not found to have a superior spectrum of action when compared across these measures. The results emphasize the importance of dose-response analyses and the consideration of behavioral measures used to assess beneficial and adverse effects of anticonvulsants.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of the anticonvulsant effects of 1,4- and 1,5-benzodiazepines in the amygdala-kindled rat and their effects on motor function. 291 46


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>