Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the effects of 1-amino-5-bromouracil on the benzodiazepine-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor complex to elucidate its central action. 1-Amino-5-bromouracil neither displaced nor enhanced [3H]muscimol, [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS), or [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate binding to the rat brain synaptosomal membranes. The anesthesia induced by 1-amino-5-bromouracil was potentiated by diazepam, pentobarbital, and muscimol, and was antagonized by picrotoxin but not by bicuculline. 1-Amino-5-bromouracil protected mice from picrotoxin-induced seizure and slightly ameliorated TBPS-induced seizure, but did not antagonize bicuculline-induced seizure. Diazepam antagonized both the bicuculline- and the picrotoxin-induced seizure, and pentobarbital antagonized the picrotoxin- and the TBPS-induced seizure. Our in vivo studies suggest that part of the central action of 1-amino-5-bromouracil is concerned with the benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor complex including the chloride channel.
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PMID:Effects of 1-amino-5-bromouracil on the benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor complex. 769

Intracerebral-ventricular (icv) injection of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) 8 micrograms to rabbits generated convulsions and epileptic discharges in electrocorticogram (ECoG). With 40 rabbits, the occurrence of convulsion at this dose level was 100%. The results from five rabbits showed that seizures may break out repeatedly at intervals of 1-5 min and such state may last about 1.5 h. Antiepileptic drugs, such as phenytoin sodium, phenobarbital sodium and diazepam, were found to effectively control the seizures provoked by icv 4-AP. Sodium valproate was less effective than the foregoing drugs. The icv 4-AP-induced convulsion appeared to have some merits as compared with the old epilepsy models, such as those induced by electric stimulation, cardiazol, or icv ferrous sulfate. We feel that it may be recommended as a model for the preliminary screening of antiepileptic drugs. The seizures provoked by icv 4-AP were shown to be antagonized by scopolamine, haloperidol, phentolamine, or propranolol, but potentiated by l-dopa. It is now recognized that 4-AP can enhance the release of ACh, DA, and NE in the central nervous system. The present results suggest that the convulsion elicited by 4-AP seems to be related to the disturbance of synaptic transmission in the brain.
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PMID:[Intracerebral-ventricular injection of 4-aminopyridine induced convulsion in rabbits]. 800 96

The effects of ridogrel (a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor/endoperoxide receptor antagonist) were assessed in an ovine model of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Maternal serum prostacyclin and thromboxane levels were quanitiated using RIA, and maternal and neonatal coagulation status was assessed. Pregnancy and neonatal outcome were recorded. Ridogrel, (E)-5-[[[3-pyridinyl)[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methylen]amin++ +] oxy]pentanoic acid, was administered in one bolus dose at 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg IV, three hours following the onset of a 27 hour magnesium sulfate infusion given hypertensive ewes to prevent maternal seizures. At both doses, ridogrel improved neonatal outcome (0% neonatal mortality in each ridogrel group versus 67% neonatal mortality in the magnesium sulfate group), and ridogrel at 0.1 mg/kg IV normalized birth weights. Abnormalities of maternal platelet function (abnormal or no response to collagen), occurring during the ovine syndrome, resolved following ridogrel treatment. Ridogrel's effects on maternal and neonatal coagulation were more dramatic at the 0.1 mg/kg IV dose. Ridogrel appeared to be beneficial in this model of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
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PMID:Ridogrel improves maternal/fetal homeostasis in an ovine model of pregnancy-induced hypertension. 801 93

Mrs AB was admitted in the 34th week of pregnancy with eclampsia. Prompt parenteral (intravenous and intramuscular) administration of magnesium sulfate arrested the convulsions and prevented additional seizures. Because of a dangerously elevated blood pressure, intravenous hydralazine was administered to reduce the blood pressure. Unfortunately, the hydralazine was given more frequently than recommended, and the blood pressure was decreased rapidly and too far. This resulted in the development of a serious fetal bradycardia secondary to reduced uteroplacental perfusion. Fortunately, the blood pressure spontaneously recovered as did the fetus. Three hours after admission, Mrs AB was awake and alert. Her fetus had also recovered from the effects of the convulsions and the treatment with hydralazine. Mrs AB's laboratory values had all been reported by this time, and her intravenous intake and urinary output were well regulated. Importantly, because of the presence of significant hemoconcentration (hematocrit at 32 weeks' was 36 and at 34 weeks', 44), a careful search for pulmonary edema was made. Additionally, fluid administration was conservative in order not to produce pulmonary edema. At this point, an induction of labor was commenced. The induction of labor was rapidly successful, and Mrs AB delivered a small but vigorous male infant who subsequently did well. Mrs AB was monitored hourly for the first 12 hours postpartum to ensure adequate blood pressure control and to prevent pulmonary edema. Her subsequent puerperal course was without adverse incident. She diuresed massively, and her blood pressure rapidly returned to normal.
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PMID:Management of eclampsia. 806 75

The anticonvulsive activity of three kinds of pyrazolidinones: 5-benzyl-substituted-3-pyrazolidinones; 5-benzyl-1-alkyl substituted and 1-alkyl substituted-3-pyrazolidinones were studied. Fourteen substitutes of these three kinds of pyrazolidinones were found to be potent anticonvulsants. In doses less than TD50, they were found to be able to protect mice and rats from seizures produced by maximal electroshock seizure (MES), such action appeared rapidly and lasted for a short period. II-f was shown to be the most potent anti-MES agent among these three kinds of pyrazolidinones. It also showed therapeutic effect in treating experimental epilepsy produced by intrahippocampal injection of zinc sulfate in rabbits and audiogenic seizures in rats. The third kind of pyrazolidinones also showed anti-metrazol induced seizures in mice.
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PMID:[Studies on the anticonvulsive activity of pyrazolidinones]. 807 46

Overall, the goal of the emergency physician is proper recognition of the gravid woman whose pregnancy is complicated by hypertensive disease, particularly preeclampsia-eclampsia. As the classic triad of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema does not always occur simultaneously, supporting signs and symptoms as well as laboratory data may be necessary to support the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is established, drug therapy aimed at the prevention of seizures and emergent control of blood pressure should be instituted to stop progression of the disease. Although many agents are undergoing investigation, magnesium sulfate and hydralazine remain the drugs of choice for anticonvulsant and antihypertensive therapy, respectively. Early consultation with an obstetrician should facilitate timely termination of the pregnancy with the least possible trauma to the mother and infant.
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PMID:Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. 830 38

We describe a new case of molybdenum cofactor deficiency, an underrecognized inborn error of metabolism that results in neonatal seizures and neurologic abnormalities. Characteristic biochemical defects in affected individuals include hypouricemia, elevated urine sulfate (detectable by dipstick), and elevated S-sulfocysteine (detectable by anion exchange chromatography). This disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neonatal seizures.
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PMID:Molybdenum cofactor deficiency. 841 May 16

This review on hypertension in pregnancy focuses mainly on the pathophysiology and prevention of pregnancy induced hypertension which, when associated with proteinuria, is usually called preeclampsia. Rather than a genuine hypertensive disease, preeclampsia is mainly a systemic endothelial disease causing activation of platelets and diffuse ischemic disorders whose most obvious clinical manifestations involve the kidney (hence the proteinuria, edema and hyperuricemia), the liver (hence the hemolytic elevated liver enzymes and low platelets, or HELLP syndrome), and the brain (hence eclamptic convulsions). Hypertension is explained by increased vascular reactivity rather than by an imbalance between vasoconstrictive and vasodilating circulating hormones. This increased reactivity is due to endothelial dysfunction with imbalance between prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 and possibly dysfunction of NO and endothelin synthesis. The aggressive substances for endothelium are thought to be of placentar origin and the cause of their release is explained by placentar ischemia related to a defect of trophoblastic invasion of the spiral arteries. The etiology of this latter defect is unknown but involves immunologic mechanisms with genetic predisposition. The only effective treatment for PIH is extraction of the baby with the whole placenta. The decision for extraction is often a very delicate obstetric problem. Antihypertensive drugs are mainly indicated in severe hypertension (> 160-100 mm Hg), with the aim of preventing cerebral hemorrhage in the mother, but have not been shown to improve fetal morbidity or mortality. Eclamptic seizures can be prevented and treated more effectively with magnesium sulfate than with diazepam or phenytoin. Prevention of preeclampsia remains the main challenge. Whereas antihypertensive drugs are ineffective, calcium supplementation and low dose aspirin have proven effective but mainly in selected populations with a relatively high incidence of preeclampsia (> 8-10%). In multiparas the selection of such a high risk population is relatively easy when at least 2 (or 1?) previous pregnancies were complicated with early preeclampsia and/or intrauterine growth retardation. In nulliparas the selection of the high-risk population is still a subject of research. The 2 most promising criteria are abnormal Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries at around 20 weeks of amenorrhea, and abnormally high plasma levels of beta HCG at 17 weeks of amenorrhea.
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PMID:[Hypertension and pregnancy. Diagnosis, physiopathology and treatment]. 853 76

The effect of carbamazepine (CBZ) on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-stimulated CA++ influx in rat cerebellar granule cells was studied by use of fura-2 microfluorometry. CBZ inhibited the rise in intracellular free Ca++ concentration ([Ca++]i) induced by NMDA and glycine in a rapid reversible and concentration-dependent manner. CBZ's inhibition of the [Ca++]i increase was noncompetitive with respect to NMDA, glycine and the facilitatory neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate. The degree of inhibition of the NMDA response produced by CBZ increased with increasing concentrations of extracellular KCl. Excluding non-NMDA receptor-mediated contributions to Ca++ influx, depolarization by 50 mM KCl resulted in a 20-fold decrease (from 723 to 33 microM) in the IC50 for CBZ blockade of the NMDA response. Thus, significant blockade of NMDA receptor responses in cerebellar granule cells can occur at concentrations of CBZ within the therapeutic range under conditions believed to accompany seizures. Moreover, the common toxic side effects of CBZ, which include signs of cerebellar dysfunction, may occur as a result of CBZ blockade of the NMDA receptors of cerebellar granule cells.
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PMID:Carbamazepine inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate-evoked calcium influx in rat cerebellar granule cells. 855 24

Using ion exchange HPLC and ammonium sulfate precipitation, we have purified a 70-kDa protein (P70) specific to the cobalt-induced epileptogenic cortex of rat cerebrum and determined certain of its biochemical properties. P70 has a similar isoelectric point (pI; 4.6-4.8), amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid sequence to rat serum albumin (RSA). Intracortical application of purified P70 to the motor area of normal rat cerebrum induces both ECoG seizure discharges and behavioral seizures. The data suggest that P70 is a novel albumin-like protein linked to the generation of seizure activities. However, it can be clearly distinguished from RSA, since it is able to produce seizure, is a glycoprotein and can be readily separated from RSA by 2-dimensional electrophoresis.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of a novel 70-kDa brain protein associated with seizure activities. 858 47


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