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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several antiepileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine and clonazepam, have low bioavailability in solid form and are insoluble in an aqueous solution. Alcohol solvents are often employed as vehicles when these drugs are studied in animal models. Secondary and particularly tertiary alcohols are suspected of some anticonvulsant activity. The present research evaluated the possibility that polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) might be efficacious, toxic, or both. Monkeys (N = 11) rendered epileptic by aluminum-hydroxide were administered PEG 400 by constant rate (1 ml/hr) intravenous infusion for 3--4 weeks, preceded and followed by several weeks of baseline. At a concentration of 60%, PEG 400 significantly reduced seizure frequency, but also exhibited severe side effects. These findings suggest that experimental testing of anticonvulsants may be compromised when this or similar solvents are used chronically.
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PMID:Efficacy and toxicity of the solvent polyethylene glycol 400 in monkey model. 10 3

The anticonvulsant activity of a homologous series of phenyl alcohol amides is described. (+-)-2-Hydroxy-2-phenylbutyramide (1), (+-)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpentanamide (2) and (+-)-4-hydroxy-4-phenylhexanamide (3) were prepared and tested for their anticonvulsant profile and neurotoxicity. 1, 2 and 3 exhibited a broad profile of anticonvulsant activity and a similar significant activity in the seizures provoked by maximal electroshock, pentetrazol, 4-aminopyridine, bicuculline and thiosemicarbazide, but in the strychnine and picrotoxin tests, the protection was variable. The rotarod ataxia test was used to evaluate their neurotoxicity. In this test 2 possesses the lowest neurotoxicity.
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PMID:A new homologous series of anticonvulsants: phenyl alcohol amides. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation. 209 24

This study shows our clinical and therapeutical experience in 48 cases of infant COFA intoxication admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of "Emilio Civit Children Hospital", Mendoza, Argentina in a periode of seven years. They were investigated to determine the presence of Parathion in blood and gastric washing with the sodium hydroxide qualitative method, and also cholinesterase was detected in blood with a colorimetric method (the monotest cholinesterase). Age range from one to ten years with predominance from 3 to 4 years; 27 were males and 21 females. In almost all the cases (90%) the toxic ingressed through several ways, and from 10 to 30 minutes appeared the characteristic signs: miosis and bronchorrhea. Clinically in 30 cases the intoxication was considered dangerous and mild in the others. The data obtained by laboratory techniques were diagnostic only in half of the cases. Atropine's sulphate was done to all cases until their recuperation, in doses from 2.5 mg to 20 mg. The evolution was highly satisfactory, only two died and two remained with seizures. Always had thanklessness and carelessness with the child from living together adults, who playing handle and waste the toxic. In two occasions the intoxication was familiar by contaminated food.
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PMID:[Parathion poisoning]. 275 76

The authors report the development of a rapidly progressive encephalopathy marked by confusion, myoclonus, seizures, coma, and death in a group of women with renal failure who received an oral solution of citrate and aluminum hydroxide gel concurrently. Two patients were documented as having marked hyperaluminemia far exceeding blood aluminum levels encountered in the chronic state of aluminum intoxication. We ascribe the toxicity to enhanced gastrointestinal absorption of aluminum when complexed with citrate.
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PMID:Acute aluminum toxicity associated with oral citrate and aluminum-containing antacids. 291 1

Intramuscular injection of sodium penicillin in roach (Rutilus rutilus) caused delayed habituation of arousal responses to repeated presentation of the onset of illumination or of a 'tap' stimulus. Topical application of aluminum hydroxide to the telencephalon of roach had a similar effect but was shown, also, to induce electroencephalographic seizures, in which the EEG amplitude was elevated from 4-20 times its normal level. Both treatments caused intermittent, abnormal 'weaving' behaviour and sporadic, violent, uncoordinated motor activity. In goldfish, Carassius auratus, topical application of aluminum hydroxide also caused delayed habituation of quantitatively measured, cardiac arousal responses to a moving shadow stimulus, compared to controls. This delayed habituation was, however, largely a result of the elevated magnitude of these arousal responses. The results are discussed in relation to brain mechanisms normally operative during arousal which may be hyperactive in epilepsy.
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PMID:Epileptogenesis is associated with heightened arousal responses in fish. 367 27

An 8 1/2-year-old girl presented with a long history of seizures, growth retardation, muscle weakness, gait disturbance, and hearing loss. Her evaluation revealed chronic moderate renal failure (serum creatinine 2.2 mg/dL), severe hypocalcemia (5 mg/dL), hyperphosphatemia (8.1 mg/dL), hypomagnesemia (1.5 mg/dL), increased urinary magnesium excretion (2 mg/kg/d), high fractional excretion of magnesium (21.7%), hypokalemia (3.2 mEq/L), and hyperkaliuria (26 mEq/L). Low circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels for the degree of the hypocalcemia (serum N-parathyroid hormone 212 pg/mL) and severe rickets without evidence of osteitis fibrosa cystica were found. The patient probably has primary renal leak hypomagnesemia (magnesuric hypomagnesemia) which caused impaired secretion of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone leading to severe hypocalcemia and calcium deficiency rickets. Treatment with magnesium and calcium supplements, calcitriol, and aluminum hydroxide resulted in marked clinical, biochemical, and radiologic improvement. Calcium deficiency rickets due to primary or secondary renal magnesium wasting in conjunction with moderate renal failure represents a largely unrecognized metabolic bone disease.
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PMID:Severe renal osteodystrophy without elevated serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentrations in hypomagnesemia due to renal magnesium wasting. 382 40

Epileptic and normal Macaca mulatta monkey cortex was investigated using ligand binding techniques. Subpial injections of aluminum hydroxide gel into the left sensorimotor cortex produced stable seizure frequencies over a two year period and resulted in specific biochemical and receptor abnormalities. Pair matched CSF samples comparing epileptic and non-epileptic hemispheres showed a significant decreased GABA concentration over the epileptic side. The epileptic cortex demonstrated markedly reduced GABA receptor binding and diminished tissue GABA concentration and GAD activity. Two patterns of receptor loss were observed: nonspecific local cellular drop out involving multiple neurotransmitter receptors; and distal receptor loss which was specific for the neurotransmitter intervention pattern of the cortex. GABAergic receptor loss was more marked than receptor losses for the other neurotransmitter and was more widespread. Scatchard plot analysis demonstrated that the diminished GABAergic receptors within the focus were due to receptor loss and not affinity changes. Spearman rank correlations showed a significant correlation only between the degree of GABAergic receptor loss or decrease in GAD activity and the seizure frequency. Epilepsy appears to be a multifactoral disorder with multiple neuroreceptor abnormalities, the most notable of which are the destruction of GABAergic neurons and GABA receptors.
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PMID:Neurotransmitter, receptor and biochemical changes in monkey cortical epileptic foci. 611 78

A new method for producing electro-clinical correlates of absence seizures (petit mal epilepsy) in conscious juvenile rhesus monkeys is described. A behavioral arrest reaction associated with concomitant 2 1/2 to 3 Hz spike and wave electroencephalograph (EEG) after discharge pattern, was obtained by thalamic stimulation in monkeys with bilaterally symmetric aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) lesions in anterior premotor cortical areas. The characteristic behavioral and EEG features associated with absence seizures appeared reproducibly, 63 +/- 5 days after aluminum hydroxide cortical implantation. This test system distinguishes between anticonvulsants that are effective in generalized seizures of the absence type and anticonvulsant drugs that are effective in focal seizures. Clinically useful anti-absence drugs, such as ethosuximide, sodium valproate, clonazepam, and trimethadione, are effective in this model. Diphenylhydantoin, which is contraindicated in absence states, increases the spike and wave after-discharge pattern. The limitations, advantages, and potential usefulness of this model in predicting anti-absence activity as well as the incidence of side effects of new drugs is discussed.
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PMID:Behavioral and electrical correlates of absence seizures induced by thalamic stimulation in juvenile rhesus monkeys with frontal aluminum hydroxide implants: a pharmacologic evaluation. 681 26

A child with renal insufficiency was treated with the oral phosphate binder aluminum hydroxide from age 6 to 31 months. The prescribed dose of elemental aluminum varied from 31 to 108 mg/kg/d. Concurrently the patient developed vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia which failed to improve with parathyroidectomy. Encephalopathy with myoclonic seizures, loss of speech, and motor impairment also occurred. Serum and bone aluminum levels were elevated at 334 micrograms/L (normal 7 +/- 3 micrograms/L) and 156 mg/kg (normal 3.3 +/- 2.9 mg/kg), respectively. This case demonstrates that aluminum may accumulate in tissue of children receiving oral aluminum hydroxide. The accumulation of aluminum may have contributed to the vitamin D-resistant osteomalacia and the encephalopathy in this patient. Children receiving aluminum-containing antacids as phosphate binders should be monitored for aluminum accumulation and signs of aluminum intoxication.
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PMID:Accumulation of aluminum in a nondialyzed uremic child receiving aluminum hydroxide. 684 80

Cortical surface electrodes and bipolar depth electrodes were implanted stereotaxically in the ventral posterolateral and paracentral thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, and putamen in adult cats to determine the progressive involvement of these structures in the generalization of an experimentally induced seizure disorder. Prior to (45-65 days) and following (50-70 days) subpial injection of 0.04 ml of aluminum hydroxide in the sensorimotor cortex, 30 min EEG records were obtained regularly in each animal. At the time of aluminum hydroxide injection, there was no persistent abnormal EEG activity resulting from electrode implantation. In all animals, intermittent slow waves and epileptiform activity appeared in subcortical or extrafocal structures prior to the development of epileptiform activity in the primary focus. These abnormalities were frequently associated with brief clinical seizures and were clearly independent of abnormal activity in the primary focus. Only later in the development of the seizure disorder was activity in the secondary foci observed to be dependent on frequent epileptiform activity in the primary focus. These results demonstrate that multiple, independent foci develop in subcortical structures before the occurrence of a well developed, fully "mature" cortical primary focus.
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PMID:The early involvement of subcortical structures during the development of a cortical seizure focus. 717 25


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