Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The use of disclosing media has been recommended to enhance the fit of castings. This study evaluated the film thickness of four disclosing media: (1) disclosing wax, (2) Net spray, (3) G-C Check Fit material, and (4) Extrude polyvinylsiloxane (low viscosity) impression material. ADA Specification No. 8 for zinc phosphate cement gives a maximum film thickness for the cement that was used as the control for these four media. The results demonstrated that the film thicknesses of all four disclosing media were less than the 25 microns maximum allowed for zinc phosphate cement.
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PMID:Film thickness of four disclosing media. 207 35

There is now considerable evidence that the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor is important in the genesis of seizures. One of the selective antagonist of the NMDA receptor is 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (APH). In this study we evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of APH on seizure susceptibility in both prepubescent and mature rats using the rapid kindling and flurothyl ether seizure models. Both the immature and mature animals receiving APH kindled at a significantly slower rate than control animals receiving phosphate-buffered saline. APH also demonstrated a significant anticonvulsant effect against flurothyl-induced seizures in both the immature and mature animals. This study supports prior work that selective NMDA receptor antagonists such as APH may have promise as potential antiepileptic agents.
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PMID:Effect of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (APH) on seizure susceptibility in the prepubescent and mature rat. 215 39

Following acute accidental death of 26 cows exposed to boron fertilizer, effects of inorganic boron treatment in goats were studied. Goats were orally dosed with toxic but sublethal amounts of the fertilizer. Multiple hematologic and serum chemistry parameters were assessed, as were cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitters and some of their metabolites. Significant increases in packed cell volume, hemoglobin, inorganic phosphate, creatine phosphokinase, conjugated bilirubin, sodium, glucose, cholesterol, and aspartate transaminase were recorded. The following serum components were significantly decreased after boron dosing: alkaline phosphatase, magnesium, glutamyltransferase and potassium. There was evidence of a stimulatory effect on both serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons as reflected in elevated CSF monoamine metabolites. Aberrations in clinical behavior, including seizure-like activity, also suggested a central nervous system effect of inorganic boron.
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PMID:Experimental acute inorganic boron toxicosis in the goat: effects on serum chemistry and CSF biogenic amines. 216 93

Administration of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to animals induces electroencephalographic and behavioral changes that resemble petit-mal seizures. Furthermore, these GHB-induced electroencephalogram-behavioral changes can be blocked by anticonvulsant drugs, which are specific in their action against petit-mal seizures. These effects of GHB on electroencephalogram and behavior may well be due to an effect of exogenously administrated GHB on GHB-mediated systems in the brain. GHB has many properties of a neuromodulator including the existence of receptors with a specific affinity for this compound. A synthetic structural analog of GHB, NCS-382, possessed anticonvulsant activity against several animal models of seizure and, in particular, against that induced by GHB administration. NCS-382 was also shown to be an antagonist at GHB receptor sites and blocked the neuropharmacologic effects induced in the striatum and hippocampus by GHB administration. In particular, NCS-382 inhibited the increase in cGMP levels and in inositol phosphate turnover induced by GHB in hippocampus. Furthermore, in vivo dialysis demonstrated that NCS-382 blocked the increased release of dopamine in striatum after GHB administration in vivo. Thus, this ligand appears to be the first described antagonist substance for GHB receptor(s). These results suggest that NCS-382 may represent a harbinger for a new class of anticonvulsant drugs that most probably act by modifying the endogenous GHB system.
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PMID:A specific gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor ligand possesses both antagonistic and anticonvulsant properties. 217 54

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive investigation technique that uses non ionizing radio waves of low quantum energy, rendering it suitable for application in children. Monitoring and anesthesia techniques allow MRL including immobilisation in a special incubator to be carried out in small infants. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides biochemical information on living organisms in a non-invasive manner. Such a technique has recently been used to study neonatal brain energy metabolism. High energy phosphate metabolism and phospholipid metabolism can be evaluated in this manner and available clinical correlations can be made regarding eg seizures or long term neurologic sequelae associated with a decreased phosphocreatine: orthophosphate ratio. Future trends in neonatal MRS will provide further information on morphologic and metabolic brain development.
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PMID:In vivo NMR spectroscopy: investigation of brain metabolism in neonates and infants. 217 45

Nutritional rickets was diagnosed in 18 infants aged eight to 24 months. Clinical features included progressive leg bowing, poor linear growth, a diet deficient in vitamin D, seizures, and abnormal serum calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase levels. Wrist radiographs and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were the most useful confirmatory tests. Breast milk may not contain enough vitamin D to protect infants, particularly dark-skinned children and those living in cloudy, northern U.S. cities, from rickets after six months of age. As breast feeding becomes more widely practiced, care is required to ensure that infants at high risk for rickets receive appropriate vitamin D supplementation.
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PMID:Nutritional rickets. 223 38

Adult female, Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 275 mg/kg of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TRCP) by gavage. TRCP produced consistent signs of convulsive activity within 60-90 min after dosing and extensive loss of CAT hippocampal pyramidal cells when examined 7 days after dosing. At the light microscopic level, toxic effects of TRCP on pyramidal cells in the CA3 and CA4 regions and on granule cells in the dentate gyrus were less severe than those on the CA1 cells. The seizure-related and neurohistological effects of TRCP were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with atropine or chlordizepoxide, suggesting that the hippocampal damage was related to the seizures produced by TRCP. In a second experiment designed to assess the potential health risk associated with TRCP, exposed rats were mildly impaired in the acquisition of a reference memory task in a water maze. However, TRCP-exposed rats were consistently impaired in performing a repeated acquisition task in the water maze. These data underscore the potential health risk associated with exposure to TRCP and support the conclusion that the hippocampus is intimately involved in spatial memory in rats.
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PMID:Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate produces hippocampal neuronal loss and impairs learning in rats. 225 15

Therapy with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) can reverse anemia and improve the quality of life in anemic hemodialysis patients. However, therapy is costly and must be used efficiently. An initial rHuEPO dose less than 50 U/kg intravenously three times weekly may be adequate to achieve a hematocrit of 30-33% in many patients. Acquired iron deficiency is a common problem during rHuEPO therapy and must be prevented with oral and parenteral iron replacement to maintain the efficacy of rHuEPO. Patients should be monitored carefully for additional problems including: an increase in blood pressure; onset of seizures or headaches; increased blood potassium, phosphate, and creatinine concentrations; enhanced coagulability resulting in dialyzer and vascular access clotting; and myalgias with a 'flu-like' syndrome.
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PMID:Practical approach to initiation of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy and prevention and management of adverse effects. 226 Jun 19

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can produce profound disturbances in the central nervous system, characterized by encephalopathy, focal neurologic deficits, cerebral infarction, psychosis, and seizures. We used 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine the in vivo levels of high-energy phosphates in the central nervous system of 10 patients with SLE and 10 age-matched normal controls. 31P NMR spectroscopy was performed on a 1.5-Tesla unit equipped with a dual-tuned 1H-31P surface coil and a software-directed DRESS (depth resolved surface coil spectroscopy) pulse sequence. This procedure detected ADP, ATP, sugar phosphates, phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate, phosphomonoesters, and phosphodiesters in the brain tissue of all study subjects. Levels of ATP in the deep white matter of 10 SLE patients were significantly decreased compared with the levels in 10 normal controls, as quantitated by the ratio of ATP:ATP + ADP (mean +/- SD 0.81 +/- 0.11 versus 0.91 +/- 0.05; P less than 0.02). In a subgroup of 4 patients, PCr levels were decreased to a greater extent than the ATP levels. NMR spectroscopic alterations were not related to obvious anatomic lesions, as determined by standard cranial proton magnetic resonance imaging. In 4 SLE patients with markedly abnormal 31P NMR spectra, treatment with prednisone (80 mg/day) normalized the levels of ATP and PCr. Restoration of a normal 31P profile was accompanied by an obvious improvement in the patients' mental status and clinical symptoms. 31P NMR spectroscopy is a powerful new technique for monitoring high-energy phosphate metabolism, and may be particularly useful for characterizing central nervous system disease in patients with neuropsychiatric SLE.
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PMID:Depletion of high-energy phosphates in the central nervous system of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, as determined by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 236 38

Theophylline overdosage can cause life-threatening symptoms, that include seizures and cardiac arrhythmias, and can be fatal. Neither the onset of toxicity nor the severity of symptoms is well predicted by serum theophylline concentrations. Since depressed vitamin B6 plasma levels can occur in patients receiving theophylline, we explored a B6-theophylline interaction in a rabbit model. Administration of theophylline preparations intraperitoneally (aminophylline) or orally (sustained release anhydrous theophylline) resulted in a 47% depression of plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) levels. The 87% increase in PLP with pyridoxine administration was only 18% when aminophylline was also given. The mechanism of the theophylline-B6 interaction is obscure. Ethylenediamine in some theophylline preparations binds directly to PLP, potentially increasing the less direct theophylline effect. Pyridoxine supplementation resulted in higher average PLP levels but did not prevent death in animals with profoundly low PLP levels. If these data apply to humans, B6 deficiency may contribute to chronic theophylline toxicity; however, pyridoxine administration in the dosage used may not prevent toxicity. Larger doses may prove beneficial after further investigation.
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PMID:Depression of vitamin B6 levels due to theophylline. 236 33


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