Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To assess the effects of the dialysate prescription on the intradialytic neurological stability of children requiring chronic hemodialysis (HD), continuous EEG monitoring (CEM) was performed on five children before, during and after HD against: (1) low sodium acetate (LAc: Na 132 mEq/l, acetate 38 mEq/l); (2) high sodium acetate (HAc: Na 144 mEq/l, acetate 41 mEq/l), and (3) low sodium bicarbonate (LBi: Na 133 mEq/l, bicarbonate 35 mEq/l) dialysate. Three children, two with clinically well-controlled seizure disorders and one with no seizure history, exhibited subclinical seizures on LAc and HAc but improved neurological stability on LBi. Two children had essentially unchanged CEM studies on any HD regimen. Symptoms of disequilibrium were noted in four of the five children on LAc, two of the five on HAc and only one of the five on LBi. The data suggest that bicarbonate HD may enhance intradialytic neurological stability, particularly in children with known seizure disorders. Furthermore, CEM was found to be a useful tool for evaluating the neurological stability of children during HD.
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PMID:Unexpected seizures during hemodialysis. Effect of dialysate prescription. 315 37

Many factors associated with hormone function have an impact on the course of epilepsy. Patients with epilepsy may have disturbances in sexual function such as anovulatory cycles in women and decreased libido and potency in men. Data indicate seizures, especially those arising in the limbic system, may influence the hypothalamic pituitary axis. Antiepileptic drugs also influence sexual function through direct brain effects as well as through induced changes in pharmacokinetics of the sex steroid hormones. Pregnancy has been reported to be a time of increased seizures; however, this has often been associated with low drug levels, for reasons that include inadequate drug dose, possible changes in pharmacokinetics, and noncompliance. Some evidence suggests that hormones affect seizure frequency. Changes in seizures during the menstrual cycle (catamenial epilepsy) have been found in some women: seizures were fewer during the luteal phase but increased when progesterone levels declined. Some improvement in seizure frequency has been shown in pilot studies using medroxyprogesterone acetate, a synthetic progesterone. Current concepts of the interrelationship among epilepsy, sex hormones, and antiepileptic drugs are discussed.
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PMID:Epilepsy, sex hormones, and antiepileptic drugs. 315 12

We have investigated the comparative effects of estradiol benzoate (EB), the antiestrogen clomiphene citrate (CC), and the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on seizures induced by systemic injection of kainic acid (15 mg/kg i.p.) in male and female rats. Subcutaneous administration for 10 days of EB (10 micrograms/kg) or high doses of CC (50 mg/kg) significantly potentiated kainate-induced seizures, with this effect being more pronounced in male animals. Doses of 2.5 mg/kg of CC potentiated kainate-induced seizures in male rats but were ineffective in female rats. Low doses of CC (0.5 mg/kg) exhibited a mild anticonvulsant effect in both sexes. Repeated administration of MPA (2.5 mg/kg) partially protected female animals against kainate-induced seizures; in male animals, MPA induced a 30% increase in the seizure severity score, although the difference from the score of control male rats was not significant. These data suggest that sex steroids influence kainate-induced seizures in a sex-dependent manner and that the effects of the antiestrogen CC are dose dependent. This should be taken into account in view of a possible use of CC and MPA in hormonal therapy for seizure disorders.
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PMID:Comparative effects of estradiol benzoate, the antiestrogen clomiphene citrate, and the progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate on kainic acid-induced seizures in male and female rats. 315 67

Intracortical injection of iron salts causes lipid peroxidation, focal edema, necrosis, gliosis, and the development of behavioral and electrographic seizures. Tocopherol pretreatment prevents the histopathologic perturbations associated with iron injection, and appears to accelerate the resolution of focal accumulation of peroxidation products. In this experiment, rats were pretreated with 500 mg/kg DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate prior to the injection of 3 microliter of 100 mM FeCl2 into the dorsal hippocampus, or induction of convulsive seizures by s.c. injection of 0.8 mg/100 g bicucullin. Tocopherol pretreatment prevented the occurrence of convulsive seizures in a significant number of iron-salts injected animals. Lipid peroxidation measured in the dissected hippocampus was significantly increased in untreated rats developing iron-induced seizures and in rats treated with tocopherol, but developing convulsive seizures. Tocopherol failed to prevent bicucullin-induced seizures. Further, convulsive seizures induced by bicucullin failed to alter hippocampal fluorescence levels. Hence, we concluded that the epileptogenic effects of hippocampal injection of iron salts appear to be related to the induction of peroxidation of neural lipids within the injection site.
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PMID:The role of iron-induced hippocampal peroxidation in acute epileptogenesis. 375 26

The difference in antiepileptic drug efficacy was investigated in two groups of animals: 5 normal and 4 microcephalic rats. The latter were produced by a single i.p. injection of 30 mg/kg methylazoxymethanol acetate in the mother on the 15th day of gestation. Hippocampal kindling was performed to a seizure criterion in all animals followed by testing of the antiepileptic drugs vs placebo. Besides carbamazepine (CBZ), two new anticonvulsants were tested: (E)-2-[(alpha-amino)phenylmethylene]-benzo-[b]-thiophene-3(2H)-one (AF-CX 921) and its metabolite (E)-2-[alpha-amino)phenylmethylene]-benzo-[b]-thiophene-3(2H)-one- 1- oxide (AF-CX 1325). Frequency of occurrence and duration of afterdischarges and seizures were statistically examined. The duration of early afterdischarges (AD1) tended to be shorter in microcephalic than in normal animals in control and placebo periods. In contrast, during treatment with the antiepileptic drugs, AD1 durations were longer in microcephalic than in normal animals. This suggests that the drugs inhibited AD1 to a lesser extent in the microcephalics. Two other characteristics of EEG epileptic activity, focal spiking (FS) and late afterdischarges (AD2) also varied in the two groups. Both were significantly lower in occurrence in the microcephalic rats independent of treatment. Three types of behavioral manifestations were also examined: convulsive seizures (CS), epileptic behavior (EB) and quiet states (Q). The two groups of animals responded differently to the drugs with respect to Q and CS. In the microcephalics, AFCX 1325 and AFCX 921 were superior to CBZ, which in turn, was superior to placebo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Differences in antiepileptic drug efficacy in hippocampally kindled normal and microcephalic rats. 377 13

The nature of amygdaloid kindled seizures was studied in adult rats which were intoxicated with lead starting in neonatal life. Lactating females were exposed to lead via the drinking water (0.25% lead acetate) and the litters were continued on this level of lead after weaning at 27 days of age. When compared to controls, levels of lead in the blood and brain were significantly higher in lead-exposed rats, both at the time of weaning as well as postkindling, beyond 150 days of age. Parameters relating to amygdaloid kindled seizures, including the rate of kindling, seizure latency and seizure threshold were not significantly different in lead-treated rats than in controls. However, duration of behavioral seizures and afterdischarges was significantly longer in rats exposed to lead. Our data suggest that, although lead intoxication starting in neonatal life does not appear to affect the susceptibility to development of amygdaloid kindled seizures, it may enhance seizure severity in this model of epileptogenesis.
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PMID:Lifetime lead intoxication: influence on the amygdaloid kindling model of epileptogenesis. 389 78

When infant rhesus monkeys were exposed to lead via the addition of lead acetate (0.5-9 mg/kg body weight) to their formula or by the consumption of lead particles from lead-based surrogate mothers, they developed symptoms of lead intoxication within 6 weeks. Seizures, muscular tremors, and altered social interaction were the predominant changes. Visual impairment was also apparent in the more severely affected animals. In the animals showing obvious symptoms lead levels varied between 300 to 500 mug/100 ml of blood. Even in those animals having blood lead levels below 100 mug, hyperactivity and insomnia were observed. When the exposure to lead was eliminated, seizures subsided and visual impairment was reduced; however, the abnormal social interaction persisted. These animals also experienced a gradual decline in hematocrit and hemoglobin values during the period of examination. Liver and kidney biopsies obtained from these lead-exposed animals revealed characteristic intranuclear inclusions.When adolescent and adult monkeys were exposed to doses of lead acetate similar to those employed in the infant experiments, lead levels in excess of 200 mug/100 ml of blood were recorded. However, there were no obvious behavioral abnormalities observed. There were, however, numerous lead inclusion bodies in kidney biopsy specimens from these animals. These data suggest that, like man, the infant nonhuman primate is much more susceptible to lead intoxication than is the adult. The clinical and behavioral changes recorded in these infant rhesus monkeys suggest their use as an experimental model to evaluate lead intoxication.
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PMID:Pathobiological and behavioral effects of lead intoxication in the infant rhesus monkey. 420 58

Serum vitamin E concentrations were measured in 47 severely handicapped patients, aged from 4 to 23 years, and in 22 controls. Thirty-three of the handicapped patients with seizures were treated with phenytoin and phenobarbital; the remaining 14 patients were not treated. The serum vitamin E levels were lower in the handicapped than in controls. Among the handicapped, those treated with anticonvulsants showed much lower levels of serum vitamin E than those untreated. Ten patients under anticonvulsant therapy were selected to receive d-1-alpha tocopherol acetate, 100 mg/day, based on their low serum vitamin E levels (range of 0.27 to 0.61 mg/100 ml). After one month of tocopherol treatment, both their serum vitamin E levels and hemolysis tests returned to normal. During a three-month tocopherol treatment period, both the frequencies of seizure attacks and the electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns remained unchanged. Supplementation with vitamin E is recommended in some patients under anticonvulsant therapy.
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PMID:Serum vitamin E concentration in patients with severe multiple handicaps treated with anticonvulsants. 621 19

Changes in EEG and susceptibility to electrically induced seizures were examined in the ferret with lissencephaly produced by exposure to a single injection of methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM Ac) given to the pregnant jill on gestation day 32. Ten lissencephalic and 11 normal ferrets were chronically implanted with 14 cortical stainless steel electrodes. EEG records were sampled from various stages of the sleep/awake cycle. Six of each group were subjected to electrical stimulation for seizure threshold. Although the number of stimulations and the current intensity required to produce epileptiform afterdischarges (AD) and seizures were not different between the two groups, the lissencephalic ferrets had significantly longer AD and seizures, and a greater number of generalized seizures, indicating an enhanced seizure susceptibility. The EEG of the lissencephalic ferrets was characterized by increased slow wave activity within the low theta band range, extreme spindle activity, focal or multifocal slow and sharp waves, spikes, or spike and slow wave complexes. The differences in the EEG were more pronounced during drowsiness and sleep stages. The brains of all of the treated animals were lissencephalic and hydrocephalic, and weighed significantly less than those of the normals. The cerebral cortex was thin and flattened, with the parieto-occipital region most severely affected. Heterotopic foci were found in the cerebellum as well as in the cerebral cortex. Abnormalities in the configuration of the cerebellar folia were also seen. Comparison between the electrophysiological and neuropathological data suggests that the extent of the extreme spindle activity, and longer AD and seizure duration depended on the degree of cerebellar dysplasia, whereas the EEG focal abnormalities were related to lesions in the cerebral hemispheres.
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PMID:EEG and seizure threshold in normal and lissencephalic ferrets. 646 99

In Connecticut, physicians followed 19 women with tractable epilepsy for 3-5 months to determine baseline seizure frequency. 14 women agreed to enter a clinical trial evaluating synthetic medroxyprogesterone acetate's (MPA) ability to reduce seizure frequency by adding MPA to the usual antiepileptic drug regimen. They all received 10 mg MPA pills 2-4 times each day. 6 women who did experience amenorrhea later received 120-150 mg intramuscular MPA injections (Depo-Provera) every 6-12 weeks instead of oral MPA. The physicians followed the women for 12 months. 11 women eventually experienced amenorrhea and always had low levels of serum progesterone ( or = ng/ml). Seizure frequency fell significantly from a mean of 8.3 seizures/month before MPA administration to 5.1 seizures/month after MPA administration, equaling 39% fewer seizures (p = .02). 7 women who experienced obvious improvement had 52% fewer seizures on average (25-71%) reduction. All women who had fewer seizures did experience partial seizures, however. MPA did not affect the steady state levels of antiepileptic drugs. MPA levels were higher in women receiving oral MPA than they were in those receiving MPA injections (5.2 ng/ml vs. 2.6 ng/ml). Most women had some spotting, particularly during the first few months of the study. Some of these women discontinued treatment because of this side effect, especially women who did not appear to benefit from the treatment. Menstruation returned in 6-12 months in women receiving MPA injections. Further research on MPA's effect on catamenial seizures is needed.
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PMID:Treatment of seizures with medroxyprogesterone acetate: preliminary report. 654 Apr 15


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