Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

HIV-1-related neurological diseases, excluding opportunistic infections and HIV encephalitis, are considered here. Most occur in severely immunosuppressed patients, with CD4 counts of under 200 x 10(6) l-1. Primary brain lymphoma and metastases from systemic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the second commonest cause of cerebral mass lesions in AIDS, are usually aggressive B cell tumours. Their poor median survival after treatment, compared with that of lymphomas in non-AIDS patients, seems related to systemic complications, particularly opportunistic infections. Kaposi's sarcoma produces neurological symptoms exceptionally. Cerebral infarction is often unrecognized clinically but large vessel arteritic occlusions may occur. Intracranial haemorrhages occur mostly in thrombocytopenic patients. Seizures are frequently referred to the neurologist; investigation may lead to a diagnosis of AIDS. Nearly 50% of patients with seizures have cerebral toxoplasmosis or cryptococcal meningitis; HIV-1 encephalitis is presumed to be the cause in 30%. A subacute or chronic vacuolar myelopathy with pyramidal and posterior column signs is the commonest form of spinal cord involvement in AIDS; its cause remains unknown. Peripheral nerve syndromes occur at all stages of HIV-1 infection. Distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathies are the most frequent, particularly a painful form with axonal atrophy, associated with CMV infection, and seen during ARC or AIDS. Mononeuritis multiplex due to vasculitis, CMV, or lymphoma and a serious lumbosacral polyradiculopathy due to CMV are infrequent. The commonest myopathy is due to zidovudine (AZT); it usually responds to drug withdrawal. The nature, prognosis and optimal management of most other myopathies is yet to be determined.
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PMID:Other neurological diseases in HIV-1 infection: clinical aspects. 134 49

Forty-seven HIV-seropositive children were investigated by EEG and evoked potentials (BAEP, SEP). Twenty-three children were symptomatic (P2), 8 seropositive without symptoms (P1), and 16 children were less than 15 months of age (P0). Some of them were investigated at different stages of HIV infection. During the neonatal period, 7 newborns of drug-addicted mothers had seizures and frequent spikes and sharp waves in their EEGs. Among (P2) children 6/23 showed background slowing and 1 had rhythmic theta activity (6 with and 1 without neurological symptoms). In BAEP, bilateral prolonged interpeak latencies (IPL) were found in 1 child with severe AIDS encephalopathy. Side differences greater than or equal to 0.4 ms in IPL were seen in 2 (P2), 1 without and 1 with neurological symptoms. A late onset was seen in 2 (P1) and 4 (P2) children. Median SEPs were normal in 24/26 patients; N20/N13 amplitude ratio was reduced in 2 (P1) patients. EEG and BAEP revealed nonspecific abnormal features in HIV encephalopathy. The the progression of the disease. However, also in the symptomatic group, normal results of EEG and BAEP dominated. SEP in the symptomatic group revealed only normal values. For monitoring the effectiveness of AZT treatment in HIV encephalopathy, EEG seems to be a relevant investigation; for evoked potentials more data and experience are needed.
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PMID:EEG and evoked potentials in HIV-infected children. 162 2

An 18-year-old woman with a 4-year history of Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) manifested by progressive aphasia, right hemiparesis, and nearly continuous intractable simple partial seizures that frequently secondarily generalized was treated with zidovudine (AZT). Seizures had not responded to any of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) administered to high and toxic levels, or to ACTH. AZT was given for 62 days and discontinued because of granulocytopenia. Within 6 weeks of AZT initiation, seizure stopped and neurologic deterioration was arrested for approximately 21 months. Subsequently, partial somatomotor seizures developed, affecting the previously uninvolved left hemibody. A 2-week repeat course of AZT was attempted, but unremitting fever and gastrointestinal (GI) side effects precluded continuation of AZT treatment. Spontaneous, sustained remission of seizures has not been reported in untreated RE. Seizure control and arrest of neurologic deterioration in this case outlasted use of AZT by 19 months. Because of the apparent response of this patient to AZT, clinical studies designed to assess long-term palliative/curative properties of antiviral agents, particularly in patients with involvement of the hemisphere dominant for language, appear warranted.
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PMID:Partially successful treatment of Rasmussen's encephalitis with zidovudine: symptomatic improvement followed by involvement of the contralateral hemisphere. 815 56