Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The importance of cerebral blood volume (CBV) as a physiological parameter has been well recognized, especially in its relation to the intracranial pressure (ICP). Although various methods have been applied to measure CBV, several problems and difficulties still remain to be settled. In the present study, noninvasive monitoring of CBV on the cortical surface was done with organ reflectance spectrophotometry. Through the cranial window, the cat brain was illuminated by the white light via optical fibers and reflected light was analized by spectrophotometer equipped with microcomputer and image-sensor (Sumitomo Elec. Co., Spectrum analyzer TS-200), which enables to estimate CBV on real time as the absorbance value at the isobestic point of the spectral curve of hemoglobin (Hb). In order to ascertain the reliability and reproducibility, the change of CBV was examined by 5% & 10% CO2 inhalation, 5% O2 inhalation and bilateral jugular vein occlusion. A linear correlation was found between PaCO2 and Hb absorbance value on CO2 inhalation. By the bilateral jugular vein occlusion, Hb increased concomitantly with ICP, while cerebral blood flow (CBF) decreased. On 5% O2 inhalation, absorbance spectral pattern of tissue Hb changed from that of oxy-Hb to deoxy-Hb without change of absorbance value at the isobestic point. Thus, the Hb absorbance value obtained by this spectrophotometer was considered to be reliable for the estimation of CBV on the cortical surface. Using this, the change of CBV was examined on the drug-induced seizure and post-decompression state after sustained intracranial hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Continuous monitoring of cerebral blood volume in cats using a reflectance spectrophotometer]. 400 77

In this paper we analyzed the clinical manifestation and course of the disease in 47 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) during prospective follow-up that lasted 2-5 years (mean 3.4). The most frequent features of APS were thrombosis (51%) thrombocytopenia (46.8%), and neuropsychiatric disorders (40.4%). These features were predominantly associated with elevated concentrations of IgG aCL isotype or with the presence of both IgG and IgM isotypes. Spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders included mainly cerebrovascular ischemic disease (63%), but also some other, such as mental disorders and seizures, and, rarely, atypical migraine and transverse myelopathy. Thrombotic events in APS are the most significant for therapeutic and prognostic considerations. The treatment of basic disease (SLE) and conventional management of thromboembolic manifestation with heparin and/or dicoumarol (or warfarin) prevented neither the recurrent thrombosis in 9 patients (37.5%), nor the fatal outcome in 6 patients (12.8%). Further investigations and perhaps more aggressive approach to APS treatment are needed for better clinical care of these patients.
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PMID:Anticardiolipin antibodies and clinical spectrum of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. 962 55

We tested the hypothesis that individuals who frequently practice meditation within another culture whose assumptions explicitly endorse this practice should exhibit more frequent and varied experience associated with complex partial epilepsy (without the seizures) as inferred by the Personal Philosophy Inventory and Roberts' Questionnaire for the Epileptic Spectrum Disorder. 80 practitioners of Dharma Meditation and 24 university students in Thailand were compared with 76 students from first-year courses in psychology in a Canadian university. Although there were large significant differences for some items and clusters of items expected as a result of cultural differences, there were no statistically significant differences between the two populations for the proportions of complex partial epileptic-like experiences or their frequency of occurrence. There were no strong or consistent correlations between the history of meditation within the sample who practiced Dharma meditation and these experiences. These results suggest complex partial epileptic-like experiences may be a normal feature of the human species.
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PMID:Complex partial epileptic-like experiences in university students and practitioners of Dharmakaya in Thailand: comparison with Canadian university students. 1172 43

Geriatric epilepsy is a significant clinical problem that has not been studied adequately in animal models. This chapter will review the available literature with particular attention to models that have demonstrated how acute seizures and epilepsy in aged animals differ from those of younger animals. Studies include several strains of mice [e.g., El, DBA, senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM), Cacnb4 knockout] as well as acute seizure models in common strains of aged mice. Aged rats (including Fischer 344, Wistar, and Sprague-Dawley) have been used in acute seizure, lesion, and epilepsy models. This area of research remains largely unexplored and therefore provides numerous opportunities for new investigations.
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PMID:Animal models of geriatric epilepsy. 1743 16

Encephalopathy is a serious adverse reaction occurring in 15-30% of patients treated with the alkylating agent ifosfamide. Patients with this adverse effect may experience seizures, drowsiness, confusion and hallucinations of different grades of severity. In this article, we describe five cases of acute CNS toxicity in patients aged > or =65 years of age treated with ifosfamide and we review data on the management and outcome of this serious complication in elderly patients. All five patients experienced symptoms of encephalopathy soon after receiving combination chemotherapy including ifosfamide for different tumours. All of the patients had been assessed by means of a Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for the presence of associated diseases, disability, cognitive status and depression, and scores were satisfactory in all patients, although case 5 was deemed frail because of cancer-related limitation in movement. In four patients, the antidote methylene blue (methylthioninium chloride) was administered intravenously, with successful recovery in three patients and a fatal outcome in the fourth patient. The fifth patient rapidly recovered after discontinuation of ifosfamide and did not receive methylene blue. The roles of older age, peak ifosfamide concentration, low albumin levels, increased serum creatinine and bulky abdominal disease as predisposing factors for ifosfamide-related encephalopathy in retrospective series are controversial.Although methylene blue has been frequently administered in patients with ifosfamide-related encephalopathy, its efficacy in this context has not been assessed objectively. Thus, careful baseline evaluation of elderly patients and constant clinical observation during infusion, especially during the first course of therapy, are recommended to reduce the risk of severe CNS toxicity from ifosfamide.
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PMID:Ifosfamide-related encephalopathy in elderly patients : report of five cases and review of the literature. 1795 63

A 80-year-old woman with a history of severe degenerative dementia, with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), COPD and hypertension, was admitted to our hospital (Geriatric Unit, University Hospital of Parma) for an acute change in her cognitive status, with stupor status. The clinical question was: "What is the cause of this rapid worsening of cognitive and mental condition in a demented patient?" A diagnosis of Non-Convulsive Status Epilecticus (NCSE), defined by behavioral or cognitive changes from a patient's baseline state of functioning, with seizure activity on EEG, should be considered when patients with severe dementia are admitted to hospital. It is sufficient for the diagnosis of NCSE to be suspected and not strictly confirmed to start preliminary treatment with an antiepileptic drug.
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PMID:Is Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus (NCSE) undertreated in patients affected by dementia? 1995 28

Many medications administered to frail geriatric patients are not in a liquid form, but are crushed and dissolved in water before their administration through a nasogastric tube (NGT). Some medications are enteric coated and others are extended release. Only sparse information is available on their pharmacokinetics when administered through NGT. The aim of our study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin administered through an NGT and to compare these with the pharmacokinetics of a group of patients receiving the drug orally. Twenty patients were studied in a stable clinical condition, from the long-term care ward of the Geriatric Medical Center Shmuel Harofeh. They were consistently treated with phenytoin for the prevention of seizure disorders. Patients in group 1 (n = 12) had oropharyngeal dysphagia and received feeding and medications by NGT. Group 2 (n = 8), included age-matched orally fed patients from the same department, who received phenytoin orally. Blood samples for phenytoin concentration were taken at baseline, time 0, and at 1, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours postdrug administration; phenytoin was measured using the AxSYM assay. The mean daily dose was not statistically different between the 2 groups: 291 +/- 28 (200-300) mg/d and 300 +/- 53 (200-400) mg/d, in the NGT, and the orally fed group, respectively, in one dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters of phenytoin were not significantly different between the 2 groups; trough concentrations, 1.9 +/- 1.7 (0.5-4.9) versus 2.2 +/- 1.8 (1.0-6.5) microg/mL; Cmax, 6.6 +/- 3.4 (2.5-9.1) versus 7.3 +/- 6.7 (2.7-8.4) microg/mL; tmax, 5.1 +/- 3.1 (3.1-8.2) versus 4.6 +/- 2.7 (2.3-8.4) hours; area under the curve, 52.2 +/- 40.1 (41.1-61.2) versus 62.3 +/- 84.7 (30.2-77.2) microg/h/mL, in the NGT fed versus the oral fed, respectively. Phenytoin pharmacokinetic parameters are not significantly different between patients receiving the drug through NGT as compared with those who received it orally, but the implication of the low concentrations measured should be evaluated carefully.
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PMID:Phenytoin blood concentrations in hospitalized geriatric patients: oral versus nasogastric feeding tube administration. 2021 11

The relationship between epilepsy, epileptiform discharges, cognitive, language and behavioral symptoms is not clearly understood. Since difficulties with socialization and maladaptive behaviors are found in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), we inquired whether epileptiform activity and seizures are associated with adverse behavioral manifestations in this population. We reviewed our EEG database between 1999-2006, and identified 123 children with ASD. EEG abnormalities were found in 39 children (31%). A control group of age and gender matched ASD children with normal EEG's was obtained. Packets of questionnaires including the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale II (VABS), Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were sent by mail. Out of 21 packets received, 11 had normal and 10 had abnormal EEG's. There were no statistically significant differences in behavior between the two groups. Statistical analysis of discharge location and frequency did not reveal a significant trend. However, children with ASD and seizures had statistically significant lower scores in VABS daily living (P=0.009) and socialization (P=0.007) as compared to those without seizures. ASD children with seizures had higher ABC levels of hyperactivity and irritability. Differences in irritability scores nearly reached statistical significance (P=0.058). There was no significant difference in the degree of CARS autism rating between the groups. Our study did not reveal statistically significant differences in behaviors between ASD children with and without EEG abnormalities. However, ASD children with seizures revealed significantly worse behaviors as compared to counterparts without seizures.
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PMID:Autism Spectrum Disorder: Correlation between aberrant behaviors, EEG abnormalities and seizures. 2157 34

Many children with Autism Spectrum Diseases (ASD) present with seizure activity, but the pathogenesis is not understood. Recent evidence indicates that neuro-inflammation could contribute to seizures. We hypothesize that brain mast cell activation due to allergic, environmental and/or stress triggers could lead to focal disruption of the blood-brain barrier and neuro-inflammation, thus contributing to the development of seizures. Treating neuro-inflammation may be useful when anti-seizure medications are ineffective.
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PMID:Neuro-inflammation, blood-brain barrier, seizures and autism. 2212 87

Behavioral problems in Japanese children with epilepsy were investigated by means of a questionnaire for parents consisting of three checklists: the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)/4-18 Japanese Edition, the High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), and the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS) for parents. The participants were the parents of 108 children aged 6-18 years with apparently normal intelligence. The CBCL indicated abnormal behavior in 10.5 to 35.6% of the children, and T scores on both the internalizing and externalizing scales had a significant positive relation with scores on the ASSQ and ADHD-RS. It was revealed through multivariate logistic regression analysis that the persistence of seizures was significantly related with abnormality on the externalizing scale of the CBCL (p=0.010, odds ratio: 3.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.34-9.02). Future studies are needed to determine whether seizure freedom improves behavior in children with epilepsy.
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PMID:Questionnaire-based assessment of behavioral problems in Japanese children with epilepsy. 2346 53


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