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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurobehavioral techniques have been used extensively in animal toxicology studies because, in many cases, such procedures are designed to evaluate neurobiological functions thought to be affected in chemical-exposed humans, e.g., changes in sensorimotor function. Procedures used to identify or screen for the presence of neurotoxicity are usually designed to test large numbers of animals and are not considered to be as sensitive to subtle effects as more specialized tests for neurobiological dysfunction. For purposes of screening, the use of a functional observational battery (FOB) is now generally accepted. In general, FOB evaluations in animals are similar to clinical neurological examinations in humans in that they rate the presence and, in some cases, the severity of behavioral and neurological signs. A number of batteries containing different observations and measurements have been developed in several laboratories for rodents, dogs, and non-human primates. Frequently, the FOB is used in conjunction with other measures of neurotoxicity, i.e., neuropathology or sensory evoked potentials. FOB used in screening typically assess several neurobiological domains including neuromuscular (i.e., weakness, incoordination, abnormal movements, gait, motor seizures, myoclonia, rigidity and tremor), sensory (i.e., auditory, visual and somatosensory) and autonomic (i.e., pupil response, salivation) functions. Most FOB used for screening do not assess cognitive function (i.e., learning and memory). FOB evaluations can yield important information concerning dose-response characteristics and data on the onset, duration and persistence of an effect. FOB should be able to differentiate neurotoxicants from non-neurotoxicants and neurotoxicants having different mechanism(s) or site(s) of action.
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PMID:Comparison of screening approaches. 150 8

Organic solvents (OS) are widely used in industry and craft work. The neurotoxic effects of OS are well known in occupational exposure occurring in poor industrial hygiene conditions. There has been interest recently in a possible epileptogenic effect of OS exposure. Two cases are reported of late onset epilepsy observed in workers heavily exposed to OS. Case 1 was a 27-year-old male painter employed in a car body repair workshop. Solvent exposure was high for a few months because after his regular work, the man continued working as a car body painter in his own private concern. After a period of weakness and headache, probably indicating an excessive solvent absorption, he suffered two generalized paroxysmal seizures during sleep which necessitated hospitalization and continuous treatment with barbiturates. Case 2 was a 44-year-old male painter in a road advertising billboard factory who was continuously exposed to OS. Ten years previously he had been exposed to accidental massive inhalation of solvent vapours while opening a drum of solvents for coloured paint. Acute solvent poisoning followed and seven weeks later he suffered several epileptic episodes associated with typical EEG alterations; for many years, however, treatment was ineffective. In both cases there was neither a history of neurologic disease nor any other neurologic dysfunctions and the results of comprehensive neuroradiological studies were normal. Evidence exists of a chronological connection between high exposure to paint solvents and clinical evidence of late onset epilepsy, but it is not possible to identify a definite causal relationship.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Exposure to solvents and tardy epilepsy: 2 clinical cases]. 152 64

We have previously described a family with a neurological syndrome comprising neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa, and variable sensory neuropathy, seizures, and mental retardation or dementia. This is associated with a heteroplasmic point mutation of mtDNA at bp 8993. The mother of a severely affected child underwent prenatal diagnosis in two further pregnancies. Analysis of chorionic villus samples showed a higher proportion of mutant mtDNA on both occasions, and this was reflected in the majority of fetal tissues, including brain and muscle. Prenatal diagnosis is a rational approach to the prevention of severe diseases caused by point mutations of mtDNA but is currently hampered by incomplete knowledge concerning the proportion of mutant mtDNA: its relationship to disease severity, how it may change during fetal and postnatal development, and its tissue distribution.
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PMID:Prenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial DNA8993 T----G disease. 153 98

Platelet microparticles (PMPs) are vesicles derived from platelet membranes that are too small (less than 0.5 micron) to be detected in routine platelet counting. They arise in association with platelet activation and other unknown causes. Elevated PMPs have been observed in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), a disorder in which autoantibody interacts with platelets and the opsonized platelets are destroyed by macrophages. However, the clinical significance of PMP has been unknown. Using flow cytometry, we examined PMP concentrations in 62 patients with ITP and in 33 normal control subjects to assess the clinical significance of PMP in ITP. When compared with PMP levels in control subjects, PMP levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.005) in patients with ITP, but considerable variation among individual patients was observed. Patients with platelet counts less than or equal to 60,000 were evaluated for correlation of PMP levels with manifestations of thrombocytopenias; patients without symptoms (free of petechiae or mucosal bleeding) are found to have significantly higher PMP levels (p less than 0.05) than patients with symptoms, suggesting hemostatic protection by PMP. Additionally, we identified a group of patients with ITP who experienced neurologic complications resembling transient cerebral ischemic attacks (TIAs): recurrent episodes of dizzy spells or weakness in mild cases, and coma, seizure, or progressive dementia in advanced cases. Small cerebral infarcts were demonstrated by computed axial tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging in spite of severe thrombocytopenias. Patients with this syndrome are often found to have higher PMP levels (p less than 0.005) when compared with the group free of neurologic complications. It is concluded that PMPs play an important role in hemostasis in patients with thrombocytopenia, and that high concentrations of hemostatically active PMP can be thrombogenic in certain clinical settings. Quantitation and characterization of PMP is important in assessment and management of patients with thrombocytopenia.
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PMID:Clinical significance of platelet microparticles in autoimmune thrombocytopenias. 158 78

The computed tomography findings in 82 children with partial seizures of unknown aetiology were reviewed. All had seizures with predominantly focal motor phenomena and none had abnormality on neurological examination. Findings on computed tomography were normal in 64 children (78%) and abnormal in 18 children (22%). Fourteen children had changes representing static pathology (mainly cerebral atrophy) which did not influence patient management but four had potentially correctable lesions (two tumours and two arteriovenous malformations). There were no correlations between seizure control, seizure duration, intellectual handicap, postictal weakness, electroencephalographic findings, and abnormality on the computed tomogram. In particular, none of these features were useful in predicting the presence of a tumour or arteriovenous malformation. It is concluded that a computed tomogram is indicated in every child with partial seizures.
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PMID:Computed tomography findings in partial seizures. 162 87

Ipsilateral brain atrophy is rare in neoplastic lesions of the brain, but it has been reported in patients with a thalamic tumor. We report a Chinese boy who presented with a right focal motor seizure and right side weakness at the age of six and half years when an electroencephalogram (EEG) showed focal epileptic discharges over the left hemisphere, but computed tomography (CT) of the brain failed to reveal a definite mass lesion. The weakness became gradually worse. On admission at age 8, follow-up CT scan revealed a huge tumor (5 x 5 x 7 cm) compressing the third and lateral ventricles with mixed densities in the left thalamus and centrum semiovale. The scan after contrast infusion showed a marked enhancement of the tumor. Instead of peri-mass edema surrounding the tumor, the overlying cerebral tissue showed atrophy of the ipsilateral cortical layer. He received subtotal resection of the tumor. The pathology proved to be germinoma. A test of tumor markers revealed a high human chorionic gonadotrophin level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. A short course of radiotherapy and chemotherapy was given after surgery. He has been well for the past two years.
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PMID:[Unilateral thalamic tumor with atrophy of ipsilateral cortical cortex: report of a case]. 168 Oct 9

Fifteen patients with progressive primary malignant or metastatic brain tumors were treated on a clinical and pharmacokinetic study with intracarotid cisplatin and bleomycin. Toxicity was tolerable and consisted mainly of nausea and vomiting. Neurologic toxicity included focal seizures (1), leukoencephalopathy (1), and motor weakness (1). Five patients had improvement in CT scans and four patients had stabilization of disease. Recommended dosage for future clinical trials are cisplatin 60 mg/m2 and bleomycin 100 units. Pharmacokinetics of intracarotid cisplatin revealed the jugular vein concentration was twice the peripheral vein level at the end of infusion. Cisplatin is a drug which has demonstrated in vitro activity against malignant gliomas (1). Clinical trials with intravenous administration of cisplatin has shown definite, although limited antitumor activity against primary brain tumors (2,3,4) and metastatic brain tumors (5,6). To enhance its antitumor effect, cisplatin has been administered by the intracarotid route (7,8,9). The results appear encouraging, but neurological and ophthalmological toxicity may occur (8). In our initial study with intracarotid cisplatin, 35 patients with malignant brain tumors (23 with primary brain tumors and 12 with brain metastases) progressing after cranial irradiation +/- chemotherapy were treated. Of 20 evaluable patients with primary tumors, 6 responded to therapy and 5 had stable disease. Five of 10 evaluable patients with brain metastases responded and 2 had stable disease. For responding primary brain tumor patients the median time to progression was 33 weeks. The recommended dose for intracarotid cisplatin was 60-75 mg/m2 administered every 3-4 weeks (7,8). Higher cisplatin doses produced more central neurological toxicity. There is limited data on the central nervous system pharmacology of cisplatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A pilot clinical and pharmacokinetic study of intracarotid cisplatin and bleomycin. 171 23

A 12-year-old girl with multiple sclerosis (MS) with periodic synchronous discharge (PSD) on electroencephalogram (EEG) is reported. The patient developed clonic seizure of both arms at the age of 10. The muscle strength of left hand and both legs were decreased and her school records were declined at the age of 12. On neurological examination, the patient showed mild intellectual disturbance, mild weakness of face and extremities and bilateral decreased DTRs. Her gait was slightly ataxic. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed an oligoclonal band. Serial CT scans disclosed ring enhancements in the regions corresponding to clinical symptoms (right central gyrus on Sep. '85, right lower and middle temporal gyri, and mesial site of occipital lobe on Oct. '85, right cerebellum on Jan. '86). The same lesions were visualized as a high signal intensity on T2 weight images and as a low signal intensity on T1 weight images on MRI. The attack of seizure occurs more frequently in children with than adults with MS. However, as far as we know in the cases of children with MS, there were no reports of PSD which was usually seen in the cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The pathomechanism of PSD is speculated to be suffered from subcortical damage.
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PMID:[A case report of childhood multiple sclerosis with periodic synchronous discharge on EEG]. 176 Feb 10

Two cases of lithium toxicity are reported on in dogs having had lithium hypochlorite chlorinated water as their sole source of drinking water. Clinical signs in one dog included polyuria, polydipsia, loss of body mass; dehydration, diarrhoea and general weakness and in the other case, polyuria, polydipsia, loss of body mass and seizures. Withdrawal of the water resulted in complete recovery.
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PMID:Lithium toxicity in two dogs. 177 Apr 85

During a 12-month period ending on November 30, 1988, all ambulance arrivals at a pediatric emergency department (ED), all prehospital communications with this ED, all first-responder ambulance runs on Oahu and the state of Hawaii, and all neonatal/pediatric interhospital transports were examined to evaluate pediatric prehospital care. Handicapped patients were more likely to use an ambulance, and their care was more likely to be perceived as a weakness on the part of ambulance personnel. Poorer communication clarity was associated with longer duration of communication. Common pediatric diagnoses were trauma, respiratory problems, seizures, near drownings, and poisonings. Mean transport times were shorter on Oahu than on the outer islands. Premature newborns and handicapped children commonly required interhospital transport. The care of children can be improved by addressing some of the identified problem areas, eg, improving prehospital communication and improving the training of prehospital personnel in the care of infants and handicapped children.
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PMID:A one-year series of pediatric prehospital care: I. Ambulance runs; II. Prehospital communication; III. Interhospital transport services. 183 69


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