Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Practically all drugs administered in large amounts can give rise to neurologic symptoms such as drowsiness, insomnia, confusion, seizures or coma and extrapyramidal disorders. In this study, five classes of agents are reviewed: antipsychotic drugs, drugs for Parkinson's disease, antiepileptic drugs, calcium antagonists and salts of bismuth.
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PMID:[Various encephalopathies caused by drugs]. 256 72

Although often used in the medical management of anxiety, insomnia, seizures and muscle spasm, benzodiazepines lead to significant complications after continuous use. These complications include tolerance, addiction, dependence and abuse. Knowledge of the diagnostic criteria and treatment of side effects improves the physician's use of these commonly prescribed drugs.
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PMID:Identification and treatment of benzodiazepine abuse. 267 10

Patients with alcohol dependence commonly experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. It is essential that clinicians recognize and treat anxiety disorders in alcoholic patients. Panic attacks with and without agoraphobia are especially prevalent among alcoholics and their families. Treatments of choice for panic disorder are the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, as well as tricyclic antidepressants and the benzodiazepine alprazolam. Benzodiazepines seem to be effective in controlling two pathophysiologic characteristics of alcohol withdrawal--noradrenergic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical overactivity. They also can be used to prevent and treat withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens. They are not indicated for the treatment of alcohol dependence per se.
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PMID:Anxiety and alcoholism. 268 Nov 71

1. This study presents the results of the preliminary screening of vigabatrin as add-on therapy in an open, non-controlled multicentre study in children with refractory epilepsy. 2. There were 135 children, with an age range of 2 months-12 years. Main seizure type was partial in 42%, generalized in 29%, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in 19% and West syndrome in 10%. 3. Vigabatrin was added onto current antiepileptic treatment in an initially recommended dose of 40-80 mg kg-1 day-1. However, the doses were frequently increased when tolerance allowed it, and the final mean dose used was 87 mg kg-1 day-1 (27-600). 4. A 75% to 100% reduction in seizure frequency was observed in 25% of patients (11 patients became seizure free) and 50 to 75% decrease in a further 13%. Efficacy was better in partial seizures, with good to excellent results in 49% of patients. The use of high doses, above 100 mg kg-1 day, was not associated with greater efficacy in this preliminary study. 5. No side effects were reported in 79% of patients. Agitation and insomnia were observed in 8.8% and somnolence in 6%. Other adverse events included ataxia (2.2%), nausea (2.2%) and increased appetite (1%). A moderate and transient decrease in haemoglobin was reported in six patients from the same centre; these patients were all receiving very high doses of vigabatrin (250 to 600 mg kg-1 day-1). 6. Vigabatrin thus appears to be a safe antiepileptic drug that may be effective in the treatment of severe epilepsy in children.
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PMID:Vigabatrin in the treatment of epilepsy in children. 275 1

Clonazepam (1 mg h.s.) and temazepam (30 mg h.s.) were studied in 10 patients diagnosed as having insomnia with nocturnal myoclonus. Each subject underwent two nocturnal polysomnographic recordings while drug-free, two during treatment with clonazepam, and two during treatment with temazepam. Treatment sessions were 7 days long, and recordings were done on nights 6 and 7 of the treatment sessions. A 14-day washout period separated the treatment sessions. The order of drugs used in the first and second treatment sessions was randomized. Objective and subjective sleep laboratory data showed that both drugs improved the sleep of patients with insomnia in association with nocturnal myoclonus. Neither drug significantly reduced the number of nocturnal myoclonic events. Sleep changes were consistent with those produced by sedative benzodiazepines in general. Thus, the data support clinical reports that clonazepam, a benzodiazepine marketed for the indication of seizure, is useful in improving sleep disturbances associated with nocturnal myoclonus. Temazepam, a benzodiazepine marketed for the indication of insomnia, was found to be a suitable alternative to clonazepam in the treatment of insomnia associated with nocturnal myoclonus. The present data and other studies suggest the need for a model that explains why leg movements and sleep disturbances may wax and wane independently.
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PMID:Nocturnal myoclonus: treatment efficacy of clonazepam and temazepam. 287 85

Alprazolam treatment was tapered in 17 panic patients at a rate of 10% of the starting dose every 3 days. Only four subjects completed withdrawal on schedule (4-5 weeks); four additional subjects discontinued treatment in 7-13 weeks. During withdrawal 15 patients had recurrent or increased panic attacks and nine had significant new withdrawal symptoms. Most common among the latter were malaise, weakness, insomnia, tachycardia, lightheadedness, and dizziness. None had seizures, psychosis, or significant neurological or EEG abnormalities. Results indicate that relapse and withdrawal are important considerations in the choice of alprazolam treatment for panic attacks.
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PMID:Discontinuation of alprazolam treatment in panic patients. 382 28

An 11-year-old previously healthy boy had an abrupt onset of partial complex, focal, multifocal, and generalized seizures, with interictal expressive aphasia, extreme emotional lability, agitation, and complex visual and auditory hallucinations. EEGs showed frequent runs of rhythmic high-voltage delta over the right and subsequently over the right and left temporal and frontal regions. All other studies were negative (repeated computed tomography, spinal fluids, viral titers, and cultures). Nadir during the second month showed virtual unresponsiveness, prolonged rhythmic motor and apneic seizures, total anorexia, and sleeplessness. Remission of the electrical and clinical seizure activity and a gradual improvement through a state of agitation and emotional lability occurred during the third and fourth months. One year later he was entirely normal. Compared with the other previously documented cases of prolonged partial complex status, this case is notable for its florid and severe symptomatology, long duration, and final benign outcome.
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PMID:Protracted epileptiform encephalopathy: an unusual form of partial complex status epilepticus. 407 61

When infant rhesus monkeys were exposed to lead via the addition of lead acetate (0.5-9 mg/kg body weight) to their formula or by the consumption of lead particles from lead-based surrogate mothers, they developed symptoms of lead intoxication within 6 weeks. Seizures, muscular tremors, and altered social interaction were the predominant changes. Visual impairment was also apparent in the more severely affected animals. In the animals showing obvious symptoms lead levels varied between 300 to 500 mug/100 ml of blood. Even in those animals having blood lead levels below 100 mug, hyperactivity and insomnia were observed. When the exposure to lead was eliminated, seizures subsided and visual impairment was reduced; however, the abnormal social interaction persisted. These animals also experienced a gradual decline in hematocrit and hemoglobin values during the period of examination. Liver and kidney biopsies obtained from these lead-exposed animals revealed characteristic intranuclear inclusions.When adolescent and adult monkeys were exposed to doses of lead acetate similar to those employed in the infant experiments, lead levels in excess of 200 mug/100 ml of blood were recorded. However, there were no obvious behavioral abnormalities observed. There were, however, numerous lead inclusion bodies in kidney biopsy specimens from these animals. These data suggest that, like man, the infant nonhuman primate is much more susceptible to lead intoxication than is the adult. The clinical and behavioral changes recorded in these infant rhesus monkeys suggest their use as an experimental model to evaluate lead intoxication.
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PMID:Pathobiological and behavioral effects of lead intoxication in the infant rhesus monkey. 420 58

Classical pharmacological dependence accompanied by euphoria, clinical evidence of tolerance and escalation of dosage are very rare with the benzodiazepines. However, there is now abundant evidence that prolonged administration of doses within the therapeutic range leads to true dependence in a significant minority of patients. This dependence is characterised by withdrawal symptoms on stopping treatment; these include perceptual disturbances, epileptic seizures, weight loss, insomnia and autonomic symptoms. As some of the symptoms are qualitatively different from those of anxiety neurosis, and as the withdrawal syndrome commonly lasts between 5 and 15 days, the possibility that the symptoms represent a return of pre-existing anxiety can be discounted. The withdrawal syndrome is more likely if: (a) the benzodiazepine has been taken in regular dosage for more than 4 months; (b) higher dosages have been used; (c) the drug is stopped suddenly; and (d) a short acting benzodiazepine has been taken. The withdrawal syndrome is most likely to occur when there is a rapid fall in blood benzodiazepine concentrations; this may be associated with altered sensitivity of benzodiazepine receptors. The syndrome can best be avoided by gradual reduction of dosage. The temporary prescription of other drugs, particularly beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, may attenuate withdrawal symptoms, but antipsychotic drugs in low dosage are of no benefit.
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PMID:Benzodiazepine dependence. A review of the evidence. 613 36

We have described three patients who illustrate the broad clinical spectrum of quinacrine-associated neuropsychiatric disturbances. The toxic manifestations range from subtle changes of restlessness, insomnia, hyperirritability to frank psychosis and seizures. These symptoms may follow only a few doses of the drug, or they may occur well after the drug has been discontinued. Our patients reemphasize the importance of recognizing the variability of quinacrine-induced toxic reactions.
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PMID:Quinacrine-induced psychiatric disturbances. 706 14


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