Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The relationship between concentrations of anticonvulsive drugs in the brain and various parameters of maximal electroshock seizures was investigated in mice. Maximal electroshock seizures were elicited with a current intensity (60 Hz, 50 mA for 0.2 sec) through corneal electrodes. Convulsive movements were detected by an accelerometer, amplified and recorded by a polygraph. Concentrations of anticonvulsive drugs in the whole brain were determined by the method of enzyme immunoassay. With various doses of phenobarbital (PB: 5-35 mg/kg, i.p.), duration of tonic flexion (TF) was prolonged, whereas duration of tonic extension (TE) and clonic convulsion (CL) was shortened in a dose-dependent manner. The correlation coefficient between the PB concentration and the duration of TF, TE or CL was 0.680, -0.882 or 0.409, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the PB concentration and the intensity of TE or CL, measured by the integrated curve of the accelerometer, was -0.847 or 0.440. The correlation coefficient between the PB concentration and the ratio of TE-duration/TF-duration (TE/TF ratio) was -0.901. After administration of phenytoin (PNT), carbamazepine (CBZ) or valproic acid (VPA), a highly negative correlation between the drug level in the brain and the TE/TF ratio was also obtained. In the case of diazepam, clonazepam, ethosuximide or trimethadione, the TE/TF ratio was decreased dose-dependently, but the slope of the dose-response regression line was less steep than that obtained by the administration of PB, PNT, CBZ, VPA or primidone. These results suggest that the TE/TF ratio may be the most reliable parameter for drug evaluation of the anticonvulsive efficacy against tonic-clonic seizures in human patients.
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PMID:[The correlation between concentrations of anticonvulsive drugs in the brain and various parameters of maximal electroshock seizures in mice]. 308 28

Many episodic phenomena involving motor, sensory, autonomic, and behavioral functions may imitate epilepsy. The aim of this article is to focus on the various manifestations and the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of the most common of these disorders, as well as their relationship to emotional aspects. Syncope is caused by reduced global cerebral perfusion. Convulsive movements are sometimes released from subcortical structures, but do not follow the characteristic sequence of tonic-clonic seizures, and postictal symptoms are minimal. Hyperventilation attacks are caused by the metabolic consequences of hypocapnia. Altered blood pH and cerebral vasoconstriction may cause a range of peripheral and central nervous system symptoms. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are attacks of reduced self-control associated with various behavioral phenomena, usually beyond voluntary control. A detailed clinical history is the most important tool in the differential diagnosis. Various emotional factors may act as immediate triggers in reflex syncope and hyperventilation attacks, whereas in PNES, emotional traumas may be remote and suppressed. Patient education with appropriate explanation of the underlying mechanisms is a fundamental part of the management of these disorders.
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PMID:Common imitators of epilepsy. 2319 Feb 85

Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness as a result of global cerebral hypoperfusion. It is generally benign but may be a sign of pathology. The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of syncope due to cardiac, neurocardiogenic, neurologic, situational, psychiatric, and other causes and make a differential diagnosis of syncope types according to detailed medical history and further investigations. We examined prospectively 268 children presented to pediatric polyclinics as well as cardiology and neurology departments (age range, 1-18 years) with a primary complaint of syncope for the study. Cardiac syncope was diagnosed in 12 patients, neurocardiogenic syncope in 232, neurologic syncope in 9, psychiatric syncope in 9, situational in 4, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in 2. The neurologic syncope group consists of patients diagnosed with epilepsy after evaluation. Eight patients in the cardiac syncope group were found to have diseases such as long QT syndrome, and the remaining patients had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and a second-degree heart block that can cause sudden death. In conclusion, syncope is a common problem in childhood that requires hospitalization. Because it may be the first finding of an underlying malignant cardiac or neurologic disease, clinicians must be very careful during medical evaluation. An electrocardiogram and a medical history including the details of the event, chronic diseases, and familial diseases are among the most important steps for the right diagnosis and prognosis. Instead of a routine procedure, further diagnostic workup should be directed according to medical history for high yield. Convulsive movements may be defined in all types of syncope related with cerebral hypoxia, and this may lead to a misdiagnosis of seizure by the clinician.
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PMID:Pediatric syncope: is detailed medical history the key point for differential diagnosis? 2475 88