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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We assessed whether duration (time since diagnosis) of intractable epilepsy is associated with progressive memory loss in 250 individuals with left or right temporal lobe epilepsy and those diagnosed with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Verbal and nonverbal memory function was assessed using several memory assessment measures administered to all individuals as part of a larger neuropsychological assessment. Multivariate multiple regression analyses demonstrated that duration of temporal lobe epilepsy and age of seizure onset are significantly related to verbal memory deficits in patients with epilepsy. The interaction between duration of epilepsy and diagnostic group was nonsignificant, as was the interaction between age at spell onset and diagnostic group. As measured by several neuropsychological memory tests, duration of disease adversely affects verbal memory performance in patients diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy. Our study also supports the notion that age at seizure onset significantly affects verbal memory performance in this population. These results have implications for the strategy of treatment and counseling of patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy.
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PMID:The effects of duration of intractable epilepsy on memory function. 1693 Nov 63

Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis is a syndrome characterised by behaviour changes, short-term memory loss and seizures. We report on a case of a 62-year-old man, ex-smoker who was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with seizures, and who had previously experienced behaviour changes. Tests revealed nothing notable, except for the CSF examination which revealed elevated protein and MRI findings indicating temporal lobe abnormalities. Once other diagnoses had been ruled out, neoplasm screening was initiated. Conventional imaging failed to identify the tumour. Antineuronal anti-Hu antibodies were negative. Finally, fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) whole body -PET imaging was carried out revealing a pathologically increased glucose metabolism at the pharynx-larynx level. The biopsy showed an epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform sinus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform sinus associated with paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis.
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PMID:[Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and epidermoid carcinoma of the pyriform]. 1706 34

To date, the primary treatments for Alzheimer's disease with proven efficacy have been acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that prevent the hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh) in the synaptic cleft, thereby prolonging its activity. Although these agents have some benefit in alleviating cognitive impairment, they have limited clinical utility because of insufficient efficacy and marginal tolerability. Within the last decade, there has been much experimental support for the use of therapeutics that directly target nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) to improve cognitive function and slow neurodegenerative disease progression. These findings have spurred considerable research efforts to develop ligands selective for nAChRs, such as ABT-418 (Arneric et al., 1995), SIB-1553 (Bontempi et al., 2001), TC-2403 (Lippiello et al., 1996), and TC-2559 (Bencherif et al., 2000). There is abundant evidence that nAChR modulators have the potential to alleviate cognitive impairment in demented states. In addition to improving cognitive function, a large body of research implicates a role for nAChRs in neuroprotection, suggesting potential for disease modification. An impact of nAChR agonists on disease progression would provide an advantage over currently available treatments for memory loss. The profile of previous nAChR-targeted clinical candidates has not been adequate to warrant further development owing to poor oral bioavailability, side effects, and/or lack of efficacy. Thus, a challenge in nAChR drug design and development has been the reduction of undesirable effects that result from activity at specific nAChRs in the CNS and PNS, including cardiovascular toxicity, emesis, seizures, and hypothermia.
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PMID:Ispronicline: a novel alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective agonist with cognition-enhancing and neuroprotective properties. 1719 10

The fast ripening of fruits means they may contain various harmful properties. A commonly used agent in the ripening process is calcium carbide, a material most commonly used for welding purposes. Calcium carbide treatment of food is extremely hazardous because it contains traces of arsenic and phosphorous. Once dissolved in water, the carbide produces acetylene gas. Acetylene gas may affect the neurological system by inducing prolonged hypoxia. The findings are headache, dizziness, mood disturbances, sleepiness, mental confusion, memory loss, cerebral edema and seizures. We report the case of a previously healthy 5 year-old girl with no chronic disease history who was transferred to our Emergency Department with an 8-h history of coma and delirium. A careful history from her father revealed that the patient ate unripe dates treated with calcium carbide.
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PMID:Calcium carbide poisoning via food in childhood. 1730 29

Early-onset dementia (EOD, < 65 years at onset) is a relatively common and frequently misdiagnosed condition. One reason for misdiagnosis is that EOD has a more varied differential diagnosis than late-onset dementia (LOD). For example, Alzheimer's disease (AD), the preponderant LOD, makes up only about one-third of EODs; the rest are due to vascular dementias, frontotemporal lobar degenerations, traumatic head injury, alcohol-related dementia, and a great many other conditions. Another reason for misdiagnosis is that early-onset AD may have predominant cognitive deficits other than memory loss and a potential familial inheritance with spastic paraparesis, seizures, or myoclonus. A third reason is that EOD often presents with neuropsychiatric features out-of-proportion to any cognitive deficits. Despite these obstacles, it is important to accurately diagnose EODs, particularly because they differ in management and course. Clinicians can successfully diagnose most EODs with careful cognitive and family histories, mental status and neurological examinations, and neuroimaging.
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PMID:The accurate diagnosis of early-onset dementia. 1740 94

Nociceptive pain and its emotional component can result in the development of a "chronic pain memory". This report describes two patients who had long histories of chronic pain and opioid dependence. Both patients experienced sudden memory loss that was followed by significant pain reduction and an eradication of their need for opioid management. Neural centers involved in sensory pain, its affective component, opioid dependence, and memory overlap in the brain and share common pathways. The anterior cingulate cortex, the insular cortex, and the amygdala are examples of regions implicated in both pain and memory. One of the patients in the report experienced multiple seizure episodes, which may have contributed to memory loss and pain relief. The role of electroconvulsive therapy as it relates to amnesia and pain is reviewed. Questions are raised regarding whether therapies that address the memory component of pain may have a role in the treatment of long-term chronic pain patients.
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PMID:Sudden amnesia resulting in pain relief: the relationship between memory and pain. 1782 47

Regardless of their origin, neuroactive steroids are capable of modifying neural activities by modulating different types of membrane receptors. Neurosteroids are synthesized de novo in neurones and glia. Steroidogenic enzymes are found in the central nervous system. Classical steroid receptors are localized in the cytoplasm, they exert regulatory actions on the genome, and their activation causes medium- and long-term effects. Non-classical receptors are located within the membrane and act as mediators of short-term effects. Other important players are co-repressors and co-activators that can interfere with or enhance the activity of steroid receptors. Beyond their function in stress, corticosteroids play a very important role in fear, anxiety, and memory functions. Patients with Cushing's syndrome frequently develop mood disorder, reversible brain atrophy with transient memory loss, rarely delirium or psychosis. Well-known peripheral symptom is steroidal myopathy. In patients with Addison's disease the main signs are weakness of muscles, lack of energy, decreased mental functions and reduced quality of life. Estrogen and progesterone have their own respective hormone receptors, whereas allopregnanolone acts via the GABA receptors. These hormones have significant role in the development of brain, the architecture of neural circuits and dendrites, density of axonal connections, and the number of neurons. They influence maturation, neuroprotection, seizures, cognitive functions, mood, anxiety, pain, and restitution of peripheral nerves. Androgens also affect cognitive functions, pain, anxiety, mood, and additionally aggression.
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PMID:[Neurological and psychiatric aspects of some endocrine diseases. The role of neurosteroids and neuroactive steroids]. 1792 Nov 20

There are several processes implicated as uncommon causes of temporal lobe epilepsy. Trauma is the leading cause of epilepsy in young adults, intracerebral blood collection being the most consistent risk factor of seizures, especially subdural hematomas and brain contusions. Infarction is the entity most commonly related to epilepsy in the elderly population. Seizures usually present as complex seizures with high recurrence between 6 months and 2 years after stroke. There are some radiological characteristics of the affectation associated with high risk of early and late seizures. Noninfectious limbic encephalitis is a syndrome characterized by seizures, memory loss, and confusion. It includes paraneoplasic and non-paraneoplasic limbic encephalitis, both presenting as hyperintense lesion affecting temporobasal regions more evident with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences. Paraneoplasic limbic encephalitis is associated with several types of tumor-induced autoimmunity against the nervous system. The tumors most frequently implicated are the lungs, testis, and breast, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, teratoma, and thymoma in young patients. Once a tumor is excluded, non-paraneoplasic limbic encephalitis has to be considered by investigating the presence of antibodies against voltage-gated potassium channels. It is associated with hyponatremia and responds to regimens of steroids, plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulins. Finally, herpetic limbic encephalitis is also associated with seizures, accompanied by fever and neurologic symptoms. It presents characteristic findings and distribution on magnetic resonance imaging, which shows abnormalities in more than 90% of patients with proven Herpes simplex virus type 1.
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PMID:Uncommon epiloptogenic lesions affecting the temporal lobe. 1838 7

In comparison with other diseases, febrile convulsion, despite its excellent prognosis, is a cause of high anxiety among mothers. The objective of our study was to evaluate the knowledge, concerns, attitudes and practices of the mothers of children with first febrile convulsion. A prospective questionnaire-based study was carried out at the Mofid Children's Hospital. One hundred and twenty-six mothers of consecutive children presenting with febrile convulsion were enrolled. Only 58 (46%) mothers recognised the convulsion. Forty-nine (39%) of them interpreted the seizure as death. Others interpreted it as other causes. Eighty-five (68%) parents did not carry out any intervention prior to getting the child to the hospital. The most common cause of concern among parents was the state of their child's health in the future (n=120, 95%), followed by the fear of recurrence (n=83, 66%), mental retardation (n=60, 48%), paralysis (n=39, 31%), physical disability (n=37, 30%) and learning dysfunction (n=28, 22%). In 41 (33%) mothers, there were other causes of concerns, including fear of visual defect, hearing loss, memory loss, brain defect, delay in walking, drug adverse effects, coma and death. Sixty-eight percent of mothers had acceptable information about the measures that should be taken to prevent recurrence. Awareness of preventive measures was higher in mothers with high educational level (P<0.01). Seventy-six percent of mothers did not know anything about the necessary measures in case of recurrence. From this study, we conclude that parental fear of febrile convulsion is a major problem, with serious negative consequences affecting daily familial life.
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PMID:First febrile convulsions: inquiry about the knowledge, attitudes and concerns of the patients' mothers. 1846 60

People with epilepsy often experience long-term cognitive dysfunction and other neurological deficits, including memory loss, learning disabilities and neurobehavioral disorders, which may exhibit a progressive course correlating with worsening seizure control. Furthermore, a third of epilepsy patients have seizures that are intractable to all available treatments. Thus, novel therapies for seizures and the neurological comorbidities of epilepsy are desperately needed. As most current treatments are merely symptomatic therapies that suppress seizures, epilepsy researchers have recently realized the critical need for novel therapeutic strategies targeting the underlying mechanisms of epileptogenesis and seizure-related brain injury. Yet, to date, few such antiepileptogenic therapies have emerged or are even in developmental stages. Although many seizure medications modulate the functional or physiological activity of neurons, the methods for stabilizing the structure of neurons are relatively unexplored therapeutic strategies for epilepsy. Human pathological studies and animal models of epilepsy demonstrate obvious structural abnormalities in dendrites of neurons, which could contribute to neuronal dysfunction, epileptogenesis and cognitive/neurological deficits in epilepsy patients. This dendritic injury may be caused by activity-dependent breakdown of cytoskeletal elements, such as actin. Mechanistically targeted approaches to limit seizure-related structural changes in dendrites may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treating epilepsy and its complications.
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PMID:Stabilizing dendritic structure as a novel therapeutic approach for epilepsy. 1850 56


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