Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since the causes of toxemia of pregnancy are unknown, therapy is still symptomatic and is now determined by the most recent knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease. Rest, a balanced, predominantly protein-rich diet and avoidance of stress are recommended as prophylactic treatment of toxemia of pregnancy in patients with a predisposition of the condition. Early recognition of the symptoms of toxemia of pregnancy is of great importance. Treatment of mild cases consists of bed rest, possibly supplemented by sedatives and a preponderantly proteinrich diet. Administration of diuretics is obsolete and sodium restriction is no longer recommended. Antihypertensives are seldom indicated. Overweight women are no longer maintained on specially low calorie diets. Severe cases of toxemia of pregnancy must be trated as inpatients under intensive care. Principles of treatment are: 1. Prevention of seizures (by sedation). 2. Improvement of the general condition of the women (especially circulation and renal function). 3. Delivery at an opportune time for mother and child. Treatment of eclampsia follows largely the same principles. In these cases, immediate delivery is required regardless of the condition of the fetus.
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PMID:[Present day status in therapy of toxemia of pregnancy (author's transl)]. 47 58

Intramuscular methohexital sedation was retained as an easy and reliable method to sedate children for a C.T. scan. In this retrospective study of 50 cases of children aged from 2 months to 7 years all the children were administrated an oral premedication (diazepam: 1 drop/kg and atropine: 0.02 mg.kg-1) one hour before the scanner examination. Once in the operating room, they were administrated 10 mg.kg-1 methohexital saline 2.5% solution, intramuscularly deep in the buttock. E.C.G. was the main monitoring. Spontaneous breathing was evidenced by means of a simple device. At the end of the scan, the child was taken care for in the recovery room. The methohexital dose provided adequate sedation in most cases. Once the injection was given, a motionless state was reached in 4.20 minutes. The insertion of an intravenous catheter induced movements in 96% cases, which did not interfere with the successful intravenous puncture. In 33% cases, 1 to 2 mg.kg-1 ketamine was necessary because of a failed attempt at obtaining the required state, or of an awakening due to iodized injection. Among those cases, half the children were overweight for their ages. In this situation an adjusting dose should be considered. On average, a child under the influence of the drug slept for 35 minutes and the required time for a C.T. scan is 23.3 minutes. Time in the recovery room is on average 20 minutes. There was no episode of cardiovascular or respiration failure, or local reaction at the injection site. There was also no episode of seizure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Intramuscular methohexital. A simple and reliable means of sedation for cerebral computed tomography in children]. 236 80

Polygraphic all-night sleep recordings of 11 children with benign epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes (BERS) were investigated from the viewpoint of spike distribution. Spike/min ratios were calculated with regard to different sleep stages and waking, identical stages of the consecutive cycles, and stages 1-2 taking place on the descending versus the ascending slopes of sleep cycles. Maximum spike/min ratios were related to slow sleep stages, especially delta sleep, and in general to the first cycle. Stages 1-2 on the descending (DESC) slopes of consecutive cycles showed a decrease in spike density during the night, as opposed to the increasing rate of activation of the same stages on the ascending (ASC) slopes. Based on our results, we suggest that the actual drive of spiking as well as seizures in BERS is the functional overweight of sleep-inducing mechanisms.
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PMID:Sleep studies in benign epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes. II. Analysis of discharge frequency and its relation to sleep dynamics. 309 52

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoaminergic neurotransmitter that is believed to modulate numerous sensory, motor and behavioural processes in the mammalian nervous system. These diverse responses are elicited through the activation of a large family of receptor subtypes. The complexity of this signalling system and the paucity of selective drugs have made it difficult to define specific roles for 5-HT receptor subtypes, or to determine how serotonergic drugs modulate mood and behaviour. To address these issues, we have generated mutant mice lacking functional 5-HT2C receptors (previously termed 5-HT1C), prominent G-protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed throughout the brain and spinal cord and which have been proposed to mediate numerous central nervous system (CNS) actions of serotonin. Here we show that 5-HT2C receptor-deficient mice are overweight as a result of abnormal control of feeding behaviour, establishing a role for this receptor in the serotonergic control of appetite. Mutant animals are also prone to spontaneous death from seizures, suggesting that 5-HT2C receptors mediate tonic inhibition of neuronal network excitability.
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PMID:Eating disorder and epilepsy in mice lacking 5-HT2c serotonin receptors. 860 65

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurological disorder with a heterogeneous genetic aetiology. It most frequently results from a de novo interstitial deletion in the 15q11-q13 region, but in a few cases it is caused by paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) or an imprinting mutation. The remaining 20 to 30% of AS patients exhibit biparental inheritance and a normal pattern of allelic methylation in the 15q11-q13 region. In this latter group, mutations in the UBE3A gene have recently been shown to be a cause of AS. Here we describe the phenotypic expression in 14 AS cases involving eight UBE3A mutations. These comprise 11 familial cases from five families and three sporadic cases. Subtle differences from the typical phenotype of AS were found. Consistent manifestations were psychomotor delay, a happy disposition, a hyperexcitable personality, EEG abnormalities, and mental retardation with severe speech impairment. The other main manifestations of AS, ataxia, epilepsy, and microcephaly, were either milder or absent in various combinations among the patients. In addition, myoclonus of cortical origin was frequently observed with severe fits inducing myoclonic seizures. The majority of the patients were overweight. This study showed that ataxia, myoclonus, EEG abnormalities, speech impairment, characteristic behavioural phenotype, and abnormal head circumference are attributable to a deficiency in the maternally inherited UBE3A allele. Furthermore, analysis of mutation transmission showed an unexpectedly high rate of somatic mosaicism in normal carriers. These data have important consequences for genetic counselling.
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PMID:Angelman syndrome resulting from UBE3A mutations in 14 patients from eight families: clinical manifestations and genetic counselling. 1042 18

The study aimed to evaluate the BBC's 'Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit' campaign's success in achieving public awareness of the need for obesity prevention, and putting over its message of healthy eating and increased physical activity. Demographic factors associated with awareness of the campaign were assessed. Data were collected from a national representative British sample as part of the ONS Omnibus survey in March 1999. Questions included weight and height, recognition of the campaign name, recall of the content of the campaign, and participation in the campaign registration scheme. More than half of the respondents had heard of the campaign and 30% recalled the healthy lifestyle messages, although fewer than 1% registered to participate in the scheme. Awareness of the campaign was high in all socio-economic groups, but memory for the healthy lifestyle message was significantly poorer in those with lower levels of education and from ethnic minority groups. Disappointingly, awareness was also no higher in overweight than normal weight respondents. The results strongly support the effectiveness of the campaign in publicizing the issue of increasing prevalence of obesity and the need for lifestyle change, but suggest that different approaches might be needed to maximize participation from groups most in need of lifestyle change.
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PMID:Mass education for obesity prevention: the penetration of the BBC's 'Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit' campaign. 1149 17

The study aimed to assess the characteristics and reported behaviour change of participants in the BBC's 'Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit' (FFFF) campaign. A postal questionnaire survey was sent to a random sample of 6000 adults registering with the FFFF campaign at the start of the campaign and 5 months later. Demographic characteristics, weight, eating behaviour and activity patterns were assessed. In total, 3661 respondents completed the baseline questionnaire and 2112 (58%) of these completed a follow-up evaluation questionnaire 5 months later. The majority of evaluation participants were women and classified as 'overweight' or 'obese'. Participants reported significant reductions in weight, and in fat and snack intake, and significant increases in exercise levels, and in fruit, vegetable and starch intake during the 6 months of the campaign. These effects remained significant if non-responders were assumed to have made no change. These results show that mass-media campaigns might make a contribution to weight control at the population level, but particular subgroups such as men and people under 25 may require specifically targeted campaigns. In addition, whilst such campaigns may initially attract obese people, they may be more likely to drop out of the campaign than overweight and normal weight individuals.
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PMID:Using the mass-media to target obesity: an analysis of the characteristics and reported behaviour change of participants in the BBC's 'Fighting Fat, Fighting Fit' campaign. 1149 18

Recent trends toward obesity and associated health risks in children highlight the significance of weight gain as a side effect with certain antiepilepsy drugs. No previous study has prospectively compared, in adolescents, weight effects for two commonly used antiepilepsy drugs. We report results from a post hoc subanalysis of adolescent data from a randomized, double-blind study comparing weight effects of lamotrigine and valproate. Patients were > or = 12 years of age with new-onset partial or generalized seizures who were randomized 1:1 to lamotrigine or valproate. Patients were escalated to a dose range of 100 to 500 mg/day for lamotrigine and 10 to 60 mg/kg/day for valproate based on clinical response, with target doses maintained for 24 weeks. Results are reported for adolescents aged 12 to 20 years. Weight changes during maintenance were higher (P < .05) in valproate (n = 20) patients than in lamotrigine (n = 18) patients, and change in body mass index was higher (P < .05) in valproate patients at the end of the study. At week 32, mean body mass index in the valproate group was above the 85th percentile representing "at risk for overweight." Whereas weight remained stable in adolescents treated with lamotrigine, weight increased in those treated with valproate by week 10 of this study and continued to increase at the end of the study.
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PMID:Lamotrigine versus valproate monotherapy-associated weight change in adolescents with epilepsy: results from a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. 1269 82

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (NES) are somatic manifestations of psychological distress. There is some evidence that weight problems are more common in patients with psychiatric illness. We have observed that patients admitted for video-EEG monitoring who we diagnosed with NES commonly have a larger body habitus than patients with epilepsy. The goal of this study was to test our hypothesis that there was a significant difference in body mass index (BMI) in patients with nonepileptic seizures compared with their epileptic counterparts. We compared the BMIs of 46 NES patients and 46 age- and gender-matched epileptic controls and found that the NES patients had significantly higher BMIs (30.5 vs 26.1, P=0.006) than controls. This remained true after controlling for weight-gain properties of antiepileptic drugs. These results are compared with the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the general population. Possible explanations of the findings and limitations of the study are discussed.
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PMID:Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures are associated with an increased risk of obesity. 1475 Dec 12

(1) Amphetamine-like drugs are not only authorised for use as appetite suppressants. (2) Bupropion, otherwise known as amfebutamone, is licensed as an aid to smoking withdrawal. It has amphetamine-like adverse effects, such as seizures; in addition it causes hypersensitivity reactions. (3) Benfluorex is sold in France as an adjunctive treatment for hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes with overweight. The lack of data on its adverse effects is hardly reassuring. A case of severe cardiac valve disease has been published. (4) The ephedrine derivatives norephedrine (phenylpropanolamine) and pseudoephedrine are used in ENT as decongestants because of their vasoconstrictive properties. They expose patients to serious cardiovascular risks. Ephedrine and plants belonging to the genus Ephedra (used in freshly prepared appetite suppressant mixtures) have negative risk-benefit ratios. (5) Methylphenidate is used as a psychostimulant in patients with narcolepsy and children with attention-deficit disorder. It can lead to serious mental and physical dependence.
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PMID:Hidden amphetamines: from smoking cessation to diabetes. 1505 18


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