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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The anticonvulsant action of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate (AP7) was assessed during ontogenesis of the rat. Animals of five age groups (7, 12, 18, 25, and 90 days) were pretreated with AP7 i.p. in the doses from 15 to 60 mg/kg 30 min prior to pentamethylenetetrazol (PTZ; metrazol; 100 mg/kg s.c.). The incidence and latency of minimal seizures (pure clonic without the loss of righting ability) and of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (major) were evaluated and compared with the control groups. Minimal metrazol seizures were not regularly observed in controls between ages 7 and 12 days. An increased incidence was noticed in AP7-treated groups. In animals of 18 days of age and older the AP7-pretreatment did not influence incidence of minimal seizures; the latencies were significantly lengthened only in 18-day-old animals. Major seizures were significantly suppressed with the highest dose of AP7 (60 mg/kg) in all groups except 7-day-old rats. In 90-day-old rats all doses of AP7 were effective in the suppression of major seizures. The latencies of major seizures were increased in 7 and 18 days old rats. It appears that the blockade of NMDA receptor substantially influences the major seizures induced by PTZ, whereas minimal (clonic) seizures are affected weakly. This suggests an important role of NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in the genesis of generalized tonic-clonic seizure pattern.
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PMID:Excitatory amino acid antagonists and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures during ontogenesis. I. The effects of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate. 216 Oct 66

The presently preferred anticonvulsives in adults are carbamazepine and valproate. Before the age of 10 years valproate is a second-choice drug only, on account of its hepatotoxicity in patients of this age. Alternatives in generalized primary grand mal seizures are phenobarbital, possible also valproate and phenytoin; in petit mal seizures ethosuximide. At present, numerous substances are being tested for their suitability as anticonvulsives. Those at the most advanced stage of clinical testing are: gabapentine, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, progabide, vigabatrin. Among the adverse reactions, the hepatotoxicity of valproate is particularly topical, making comprehensive laboratory examinations mandatory; however, these tests have little prognostic value. During pregnancy the seizure frequency may change. In most patients, the blood levels of the anticonvulsives decrease, despite constant dosage. In the newborn vitamin K1 prophylaxis is mandatory to prevent bleeding. The use of anticonvulsives does not contraindicate nursing.
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PMID:[Drug treatment of epilepsy]. 218 12

Next to tonic-clonic seizures psychomotor (complex focal) seizures are the most common form of all epileptic seizures, except in infancy where they are seen rarely. Differently from generalised non convulsive seizures (like petit mal absences), their first appearance has no typical age limit, however, their proportion to other forms of seizures increases in adolescence and adults especially between the third and fifth decade of life. The main symptom is the disorder of consciousness which lasts at least more than half a minute, normally several minutes in completely distinct seizures, which doesn't begin abruptly and which often ends ill defined. This twilight attack is proceeded by an aura of sensory, psychic or vegetative character. The aura is followed either by a transitory state of immobility and later by motor phenomena or at once by motor phenomena in the form of diverse automatisms of variable intensity, reaching from mild movements in the oral region over verbal expressions to highly dramatic scenes, often accompanied by vegetative symptoms. Tonic versive and tonic symmetrical or tonic asymmetrical seizure symptoms are quite often motor variants which also can lead to sudden drops. Psychomotor attacks can be reduced to "pseudo-absences", however, they also can develop into tonic-clonic seizures (Grand mal). Generally, the succession of seizure symptoms is constant in the same patient, the expression can differ from seizure to seizure. Psychomotor attacks can be spread over the whole day or can show a strict connection to sleep, in the course they can likely occur in clusters and can accumulate to a continuous or discontinuous form of psychomotor status epilepticus. Predominantly, but not exclusively psychomotor attacks start from the temporal lobe, whereas neocortical temporal attacks (especially of lateral posterior origin) can be distinguished from those coming from the limbic system, especially from hippocampal or mesio-basal temporal structures and from the nucleus amygdalae. About 20% of the psychomotor attacks are of frontal origin coming from the mesial frontal region or from the gyrus cinguli anterior. Also seizures of occipital or parietal origin can spread so quickly that the seizure itself is impressing as a "temporal lobe attack". On account of that, epilepsies with psychomotor attacks cannot be compared to temporal lobe epilepsies. The etiology of psychomotor epilepsies is closely connected to the topographic site of the temporal lobe, who is especially vulnerable for traumatic lesions, cerebral edema and hypoxemia. Also small dysgeneses, heterotopies or small abnormalities of vessels are relatively often found in surgical specimens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Psychomotor epilepsy: phenomenology, localization, pathogenesis and therapy]. 219 20

A community-based epidemiological study of neurological disorders was performed in a rural area in Ethiopia. The most prevalent neurological disorder identified was epilepsy, found in 316 persons. The prevalence of epilepsy was 5.2/1000 inhabitants at risk, 5.8 for males, 4.6 for females. The highest age-specific prevalence was found for ages 10-19 years. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were the most common seizure type and occurred in 81%. On clinical grounds, partial seizures occurred in 20% and in 29% of these secondary generalization followed. During seizures, 8.5% had been injured by burns and 5.7% by trauma. Eighty-four percent had seizures at least monthly. Seizures occurred in 4.8% of siblings. Traditional treatment with local herbs, holy water and amulets was the most common. Only 1.6% had been treated with recognized antiepileptic drugs. Mental retardation was the most common associated disorder, found in 7.9% of the persons with epilepsy. During a period of 2 years, 8 persons died of status epilepticus and 1 from severe burns as a result of falling into a domestic fire during a seizure. EEG was recorded in 73%. Epileptiform activity occurred in 18%.
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PMID:Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of epilepsy in rural Ethiopia: a community-based study. 228 82

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure developed grand mal seizures in the hours following onset of mechanical ventilation. These seizures were associated with an acute increase in arterial pH and were related to the occurrence of acute severe hypophosphataemia associated with recovery from respiratory acidosis.
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PMID:Seizures related to severe hypophosphataemia induced by mechanical ventilation. 233 41

Two cases of hypnotic sequelae occurring in a research context (with a non-clinical college population) are reported. Case 1 was a male who experienced retroactive amnesia following hypnosis: He was unable to recall familiar telephone numbers later that day. This was not a continuation of an earlier confusion or drowsiness (as is often found) since he indicated he was wide awake following hypnosis. Two parallels exist with previous reports: unpleasant childhood experiences with chemical anesthesia and a conflict involving a wish to experience hypnosis but a reluctance to relinquish control. Case 2 was a female who, while in hypnosis, experienced an apparent epileptic seizure that had characteristics of both petit mal and grand mal seizures. Although having a history of epilepsy, she had not had a seizure in 7 years. We suspect that the seizure was psychogenic and may have been triggered by wording used in the hypnotic scale or other similarities. Possible mechanisms are discussed and preventative recommendations are made.
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PMID:Psychogenic and physiological sequelae to hypnosis: two case reports. 233 50

Overdose of pentazocine (Talwin), an agonist/antagonist opioid analgesic, is relatively uncommon. Fifty-seven cases occurring over ten years are reported. Twenty-three patients (40%) had ingested only pentazocine and did not have the classic opioid toxidrome of CNS and respiratory depression with miosis. Most patients were awake, and no patient had a respiratory rate below 12/minute. Other findings included: grand mal seizures, hypertension, hypotonia, dysphoria, hallucinations, delusions, and agitation. Eleven of 23 patients received IV naloxone (0.4-2.4 mg), but only two showed improvement. Thirty-four patients (60%) had coingested pentazocine with one to five additional substances. Patients who had ingested pentazocine with alcohol, a sedative/hypnotic drug, or an antihistamine, showed increased toxicity, including apnea, deep coma, and recurrent seizures. One patient developed opioid pulmonary edema. One patient died. Three of five patients with coma and inadequate respirations responded to IV naloxone in doses of 0.4 to 1.2 mg.
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PMID:Pentazocine (Talwin) intoxication: report of 57 cases. 235 1

Ciprofloxacin has been reported to cause theophylline toxicity by inhibiting theophylline metabolism. A 93-year-old woman without a known seizure history, while on ciprofloxacin and theophylline combined therapy, experienced a grand mal seizure. Her serum theophylline concentration at the time was 20 micrograms/mL. On previous occasion of theophylline toxicity, she had a serum theophylline concentration of 27 micrograms/ml but the patient did not experience any seizure. Several reports suggest that the combination of theophylline and ciprofloxacin has an additive inhibitory effect on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) sites. Inhibition of the binding of GABA to its receptor sites has been related to the convulsant effects of other drugs. The seizure in our patient may have been caused by altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics brought about by combined therapy of theophylline and ciprofloxacin.
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PMID:Seizure with ciprofloxacin and theophylline combined therapy. 236 Mar 38

A 15-month-old boy presented to an emergency department with tonic clonic jerking of all extremities and dancing eye movements. A history of instant coffee ingestion was obtained at that time. However, a routine blood analysis and toxicology screen showed a diphenhydramine level of 1.0 mg% (lethal, 0.5 mg%). Generalized tonic clonic seizures continued despite conventional therapy. A continuous thiopental infusion was used to control his seizure activity. This child never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead 7 days postingestion.
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PMID:Accidental childhood death from diphenhydramine overdosage. 236 55

We performed a retrospective review to investigate the safety of prehospital naloxone administration by paramedics as part of a protocol for all patients presenting with an acutely depressed level of consciousness (LOC). The prevalence of naloxone-induced vomiting, seizures, hypotension, hypertension, and cardiac arrest was sought from the prehospital records of 813 patients treated during a 12-month period. The mean age of the treated patients was 42.4 +/- 9.7 years. The initial dose of naloxone was 0.4 to 0.8 mg, and the mean total dose was 0.9 +/- 0.6 mg. No patients lost a pulse within ten minutes of receiving naloxone. Two patients (0.2%) experienced a significant drop in systolic blood pressure, and one patient (0.1%) demonstrated a significant rise in systolic blood pressure within five minutes of naloxone administration. Vomiting occurred in two patients (0.2%), and one patient (0.1%) suffered a tonic-clonic seizure within five minutes of naloxone administration. Of the 813 patients treated, 60 patients (7.4%: mean age, 32.3 +/- 6.7 years) were judged to have an improved LOC after naloxone, with 27 (3.3%) regaining a normal LOC. We conclude that in the above doses, naloxone is safe as part of prehospital protocols for paramedics treating patients with an acutely depressed LOC. However, the vast majority of patients treated empirically with naloxone in the field demonstrated no benefit.
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PMID:The safety of prehospital naloxone administration by paramedics. 237 73


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