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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two patients receiving clozapine developed grand mal seizures. The plasma levels in one of the patients at the time of the seizure were approximately 100% higher than on 12 previous occasions. This finding led to the conclusion and the patient's admission that she had taken an overdose. Plasma levels in the other patient exceeded the range the authors had noted in previous studies. The authors emphasize the usefulness of plasma level monitoring in relation to safety, drug defaulting, and side effects.
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PMID:Clozapine plasma levels and convulsions. 41 27

Median reaction times and intra-individual variability were studied in epileptic (N = 63), brain-damaged (non-epileptic) (N = 25) and control patients (N = 25) using a six and one half minute visual, continuous reaction time task. Epileptic and brain-damaged groups were significantly slower than control patients on median reaction times at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles and on the differences between the 10th and 90th percentiles. Thus both general slowing and greater intra-individual variability were found in the epileptic and brain-damaged patients. Reaction times were not related to presence, type and severity of EEG abnormality or to age of onset of epilepsy. Grand mal patients did have significantly greater variability than other types of seizure patients. Epileptic and brain-damaged patients did not differ significantly on any reaction time variables. Both groups were discriminated significantly from the controls on all reaction time measures, especially on the intra-individual variability measure.
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PMID:Reaction time variability in epileptic and brain-damaged patients. 41 84

The action of intravenously injected taurine, glycine and GABA has been tested on convulsions induced by strychnine using electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings. The dose of strychnine necessary to produce a generalized tonic-clonic seizure was 0.55 +/- 0.15 mg/kg intravenously for rabbits pretreated with taurine, which was significantly higher than for control animals (0.38 +/- 0.13 mg/kg). After pretreatment with glycine, the strychnine dose required to evoke convulsions (0.51 +/- 0.22 mg/kg) was also higher than the control values, but the difference was statistically not significant. The convulsive dose of strychnine in animals pretreated with GABA was slightly but not significantly lower than in control animals (0.31 +/- 0.13 mg/kg). These results suggest that taurine is the most effective amino acid to protect rabbits from seizures induced by strychnine.
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PMID:Effects of taurine, glycine and GABA on convulsions produced by strychnine in the rabbit. 43 61

411 patients with epileptic seizures manifest only after the age of 25 were investigated as to aetiology, seizure type and frequency and age and sex distribution. Neurological, neuro-radiological and EEG findings are reported: There was a clear prevalence of male patients (67%). Manifestation occurred mainly between 30 and 40 years of age (65%). Most seizures were primarily of the generalized grand mal type (68%). Grand mal with focal onset occurred in 13%, partial seizures in 11%, complex partial seizures (psychomotor seizures) in 5%, the latter plus grand mal seizures in 2% and other types in 1% of the cases. Aetiological factors were: chronic alcoholism (31%), vascular diseases (17%), tumours (12%), traumatic brain lesions (8,5%), toxic metabolic lesions (6%) and other factors (6%). Idiopathic epilepsy of late onset was a rare cause (4%). The aetiology remained unknown in 15% of cases. We found that the differences in age distribution, seizure type and the EEG findings are significant factors in the differential diagnosis and we compared them with those found in similar investigations.
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PMID:[So-called late epilepsy (author's transl)]. 56 52

A variety of autonomic blocking agents, general anesthetics, and anticonvulsants have been shown to offer protection from seizures caused by hyperbaric oxygen. Amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) has been shown to offer rats only minimal protection from such seizures. This study investigated whether AOAA protected cats and mice from hyperbaric-oxygen-induced seizures. Cats and mice were exposed to 100% oxygen at 5 ATA until seizures occurred or for a period of up to 60 min. Approximately half of the animals were pretreated with AOAA either 30 or 240 min before oxygen exposure. Results showed that the interval between exposure and grand mal seizures increased significantly in cats pretreated 30 or 240 min before exposure with 17 to 25 mg/kg AOAA; the number of cats remaining seizure-free for 60 min also increased markedly. However, mice received little protection even at doses up to 40 mg/kg. At higher doses the AOAA itself caused seizures even in the absence of hyperbaric oxygen.
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PMID:Protection against high-pressure oxygen seizures by amino-oxyacetic acid. 70 42

Ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+ -K" -ATP'ase, has been administered intraventricularly to rats to study the effect of impairment of membrane transport mechanisms on the genesis of seizures. Running and leaping seizures occur rapidly after injection of ouabain in a low volume (10 microliter) when the maximal uptake of ouabain (39.8%) is the hippocampus. Generalized clonic-tonic seizures are induced by higher volume injections (50 microliter) associated with wider distribution of ouabain, including the cerebellum and brainstem. Ouabain was injected into cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, dorsal hippocampus, fastigeal nucleus, ventrolateral mesencephalic reticular formation and cerebellar cortex. The cerebellar injections produced both running and leaping and generalized clonic-tonic seizures. It is suggested that this results from decreased inhibitory effect of vermal and paravermal Purkinje cells on intra-cerebellar nuclei, which alters cerebellar influence on the reticular formation and the limbic system. Diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbitone, phenacemide, carbamezepine and clonazepam but not ethosuximide are effective against generalized clonic-tonic seizures, suggesting that this is a model for "grand mal" but not "petit mal" seizure mechanisms. It is furthermore suggested that running and leaping are subcortical, probably limbic, seizures that are most relevant as a model for temporal lobe seizures.
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PMID:Ouabain induced seizures: site of production and response to anticonvulsants. 74 50

A patient was studied who had posttraumatic epilepsy with adversive, psychomotor, and grand mal seizures. During tele-EEG recording from depth electrodes, 4 psychomotor seizures were accompanied by discharge originating in the frontal lobe. The patient sometimes could recall his behavior and believed it to be voluntary. Amnesia was more apt to be total after the seizure than during it.
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PMID:Clinical note: clinical and tele-stereo-EEG findings in a patient with psychomotor seizures. 80 2

Benzonal was given to 52 epileptics. In 50 cases the duration of treatment ranged from 3 months to 7 years (mean 18 months) in doses of 100-500 mg daily, in 2 cases it had to be withdrawn after a short-term treatment because of intolerance. In all cases the drug was given together with other anticonvulsants: hydantoin, derivatives, mysodin, Tegretol, pheneturid or Ospolot in place of previously administered phenobarbital. It was found that benzonal reduced significantly the frequency of partial simple seizures (in 6 out of 20 cases) and grand mal seizures (in 24 out of 34 cases), while its action on the partial complex seizures was much weaker (improvement in only 7 out of 20 cases). The drug was usually well tolerated, side effects of greater intensity developed in 2 cases only, transient somnolence was observed in another 6 cases. In EEG records a slight favourable effect was exerted on pathological background activity with absent effect in focal changes and increase of seizure activity. The authors believe that in view of its favourable clinical action and good tolerance the drug may be widely used in properly selected cases of epilepsy.
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PMID:[Clinico-electroencephalographic observations in epileptic patients during long-term treatment with benzonal]. 81 1

A 36-year-old white man had both acute intermittent porphyria and long-standing idiopathic grand mal seizures. Diphenylhydantoin apparently adversely affected both the clinical and biochemical parameters of the acute intermittent porphyria. Comparison of urinary levels of the porphyrin precursors, delta aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen, under controlled diet conditions before and after withdrawal of diphenylhydantoin, showed that this drug accounted for approximately one-half of the porphyrin precursor excretion. Significant clinical improvement of the porphyria followed withdrawal of the diphenylhydantoin. Bromides appeared to be approximately as effective as diphenylhydantoin for seizure control in this patient.
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PMID:Grand mal seizures and acute intermittent porphyria. The problem of differential diagnosis and treatment. 81 8

Sodium valproate 400 mg.-1800 mg. daily has been used for 1-4 months in the management of 35 patients with intractable epilepsy. This preliminary report indicates that the agent is a useful addition to anti-convulsant therapy with beneficial effect to the majority of patients with gran mal, petit mal, nyoclonus and akinetic attacks. Temporal lobe epilepsy and other focal cortical seizures responded less well. There were some minor gastrointestinal and neurological side-effects which subsided with time or the reduction of dosage. The transition period while other anticonvulsants were being withdrawn was accompanied by grand mal seizures in 6 patients. It appears that sodium valproate requires 7-10 days to becoms fully active and that other anticonvulsants should be withdrawn only after the patient is established on a maintenance dosage. Comparison with clonazepam suggests that the latter is more effective in the control of petit mal and temporal lobe epilepsy but has more persistent sedative effects. Most patients transferred from other anticonvulsants to sodium valproate felt more alert and able to concentrate better.
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PMID:Sodium valproate in the management of intractable epilepsy: comparison with clonazepam. 81 47


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