Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eclampsia is defined as the occurrence of seizures in pregnancy or within 10 days of delivery, accompanied by at least two of the following features documented within 24 hours of the seizure: hypertension, proteinuria, thrombocytopenia or raised aspartate amino transferase. Eclampsia complicates approximately one in 2,000 pregnancies in the United Kingdom and it remains one of the main causes of maternal death. Up to 38% of cases of eclampsia can occur without premonitory signs or symptoms of pre-eclampsia-that is, hypertension, proteinuria, and oedema. Only 38% of eclamptic seizures occur antepartum; 18% occur during labour and a further 44% occur postpartum. Rare cases of eclampsia have occurred over a week after delivery. Outcome is poor for mother and child. Almost one in 50 women suffering eclamptic seizures die, 23% will require ventilation and 35% will have at least one major complication including pulmonary oedema, renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, HELLP syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome, stroke, or cardiac arrest. Stillbirth or neonatal death occurs in approximately one in 14 cases of eclampsia. Up to one third of eclamptic seizures occur out of hospital. For this reason, initial management may involve accident and emergency departments. Early involvement of senior obstetric staff is crucial. Optimal emergency management of seizures, hypertension, fluid balance and subsequent safe transfer is essential to minimise morbidity and mortality.
 ...
PMID:Management of eclampsia in the accident and emergency department. 1065 82

Advanced prehospital emergency medical care of patients with a severe head injury must essentially focus on the impact of secondary cerebral insults of systemic origin on the outcome. The first objective of prehospital care is to prevent hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Therefore, all patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score equal to or lower than 8 must be treated with endotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation under continuous monitoring of SpO2 and PETCO2. Treatment is similar in head-injured patients with significant deterioration of consciousness level, seizures, respiratory distress, or severe facial and thoracoabdominal injuries. The endotracheal tube is inserted by the orotracheal route under direct laryngoscopy, after a rapid induction sequence of anaesthesia and immobilization of the cervical spine in neutral position. For the induction of anaesthesia in these high-risk patients (full stomach, unknown medical history, deteriorated haemodynamic status), etomidate and suxamethonium are the preferred agents. Sedation is maintained with an hypnoticopioid association (fentanyl). Simultaneously, the main goal is the maintenance of an optimal cerebral perfusion pressure, as arterial hypotension severely worsens cerebral ischaemia. Volume loading is accomplished with 0.9% saline and hydroxyethyl starch.
 ...
PMID:[Prehospital management of patients with severe head injuries]. 1083 14

Cocaine abuse is a significant problem not only in the general population but also among pregnant women. Since cocaine readily crosses the placenta and is metabolized slowly in fetuses, they can be exposed to significant levels of cocaine for long periods. In humans the most common consequences of cocaine abuse during pregnancy include premature birth, lower birth weight, respiratory distress, bowel infarctions, cerebral infarctions, reduced head circumference, and increased risk of seizures. Behaviorally these newborns show an increased degree of "tremulousness," crying and irritability, and are over-reactive to environmental stimuli. Within a month these behaviors have recovered dramatically, but not to normal levels. Thus while there are a number of abnormalities associated with cocaine-exposed neonates, they are not imminently debilitating or life-threatening. However, the long-term consequences of this prenatal cocaine exposure remain to be elucidated. We have examined a rat model for neurochemical, neuroanatomical and behavioral changes resulting from prenatal cocaine exposure. Since cocaine is known to act by blocking the inactivation of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, our studies have focused on brain dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) pathways. In this model system we have found neurochemical changes that are present at birth and that return to normal as the rat ages--similar to the recovery observed in infants. However, there are other neurochemical, anatomical and behavioral changes that persist after birth which may provide insights into the long-term consequences. It is hoped that by understanding the changes occurring in this rat model we will be better prepared to devise pharmacological interventions to circumvent the secondary consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure. These consequences might include increased susceptibility to drug addiction, seizures, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, etc.
 ...
PMID:Prenatal cocaine exposure. 1091 32

The present study describes the effects of pyridostigmine (PYR; 0.2 mg/kg) and atropine sulphate (AS; 5 mg/kg) on guinea-pigs intoxicated by a high dose (2xLD50) of the organophosphate compound, soman, an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. The medication was shown to counteract the acute respiratory distress and lethality normally produced by the intoxication. Moreover, due to the central activity of AS, soman-induced electrocorticographic (ECoG) seizure activity was either totally prevented, or reduced in duration and overall intensity. In addition, as established in the 24-hr survivors, seizure-related neuropathology was either prevented, or reduced in topographical extent and severity. An attempt to correlate our electrographic and morphological findings gives evidence that (a), the occurrence of seizure activity is the primary factor necessary for the development of acute neuropathology; (b), the duration of ECoG seizures is a secondary factor, on which the topographical distribution of brain damage finally depends; (c), the minimal duration of seizures necessary to produce 24 hr-damage in the most sensitive areas (e.g. the amygdala) is less than 70 min; (d), the overall intensity/power of epileptiform discharges is a tertiary factor which influences the severity of damage; (e), in addition, ECoG power spectral analysis suggested that an acute increase of relative power in the lower (delta) frequency band might be a real-time external marker of the starting cerebral lesions and is thus predictive for their future installation. All these data confirm the tight relationships which exist between seizure activity and neuropathology in soman poisoning, and suggest that refined, standardized analysis of electrographic parameters drawn from ECoG tracings and power spectrum might serve as a useful tool to predict the presence, localization, and severity of soman-induced brain damage.
 ...
PMID:Effects of atropine sulphate on seizure activity and brain damage produced by soman in guinea-pigs: ECoG correlates of neuropathology. 1102 61

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is quite prevalent in long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients. Patients who are candidates for renal transplantation might be treated, before grafting, with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha). Among 39 HCV-positive long-term HD patients treated with IFN-alpha, we observed three cases of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PLES). PLES included headaches in three patients, confusion in three patients, cortical blindness in two patients, visual hallucinations in one patient, seizures in three patients, and respiratory distress in one patient in a context of fluid overload and severe hypertension in all cases. The three patients were receiving IFN-alpha and recombinant erythropoietin therapies simultaneously for de novo anemia. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging showed low-density areas in the occipital lobes (in three patients), frontal lobes (in one patient), and temporal lobes (in one patient). After withdrawal of IFN-alpha and recombinant erythropoietin therapies, hemodiafiltration, and symptomatic treatment of seizures and hypertension, PLES was reversible within 1 week in one patient, 10 days in one patient, and 2 months in the third patient. Our case reports show the occurrence of reversible PLES in HCV-positive long-term HD patients treated with IFN-alpha. Physicians caring for HCV-positive long-term HD patients treated with IFN-alpha need to be particularly cautious when these patients receive simultaneously recombinant erythropoietin and when IFN-alpha therapy induces a weight loss, which indicates a reduction in dry weight.
 ...
PMID:Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in hepatitis C virus-positive long-term hemodialysis patients. 1127 99

(1) Respiratory distress and seizures developed in an 18-month-old boy following brief exposure to low-strength (17.6%) N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). A review of the literature revealed 17 reports of DEET-induced encephalopathy in children. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the potential toxicity of DEET is high and that available repellents containing DEET, irrespective of their strength, are not safe when applied to children's skin. (2) Although this is a case report, we used the features of published reports of DEET-induced encephalopathy in children to support the diagnosis, since the evidence that the child's illness was caused by DEET was circumstantial. In the following case analysis, clinical reports of children < 16 years old have been reviewed and analyzed in an effort to relate direct DEET toxicity to various clinical, demographic, and toxic compound exposure factors (Fisher's exacttest and logistic regression analysis). (3) DEET-induced encephalopathy in children (56% girls) followed not only ingestion or repeated and extensive application of repellents, but also a brief exposure to DEET (45%). Of those who reported a dermal exposure, 33% reported an exposure to a product containing DEET < 20%. Seizures, the most prominent symptom (72%), were significantly more frequent when DEET solutions were applied to the skin (P<0.01). Mortality (16.6%) did not correlate significantly with the concentration of the DEET liquid used, duration of skin exposure, pattern of use, age, or sex. (4) Data of this case analysis suggest that repellents containing DEET are not safe when applied to children's skin and should be avoided in children. Additionally, since the potential toxicity of DEET is high, less toxic preparations should be probably substituted for DEET-containing repellents, whenever possible.
 ...
PMID:Toxic encephalopathy associated with use of DEET insect repellents: a case analysis of its toxicity in children. 1133 26

Cerebral venous thrombosis is an important cause of stroke in children. Understanding the natural history of the disease is essential for rational application of new interventions. We retrospectively identified 31 children with cerebral venous thrombosis confirmed by head computed tomography (4 patients) or by magnetic resonance imaging (27 patients). Risk factors, clinical and radiographic features, and neurologic outcomes were analyzed. There were 21 males and 10 females aged 1 day to 13 years (median 14 days). Nineteen (61%) were neonates. The most common risk factors included mastoiditis, persistent pulmonary hypertension, cardiac malformation, and dehydration. The chief clinical features were seizures, fever, respiratory distress, and lethargy. Fifteen patients had infarctions (8 hemorrhagic, 7 ischemic). Protein C and antithrombin III deficiency were the most common coagulopathies among 14 tested patients. On discharge, 11 patients were normal, 17 had residual deficits, and 2 patients died. Twenty-seven patients were followed from 1 month to 12 years (mean 22 months). At follow-up, 11 patients were normal, and 13 patients had development delay. One had residual hemiparesis and cortical visual impairment. Two had other deficits. Neonatal cerebral venous thrombosis is probably more common than previously thought, and outcomes are worse in this group. All children with cerebral venous thrombosis should be tested for coagulation disorders.
 ...
PMID:Cerebral venous thrombosis in children. 1151 Sep 28

Intrauterine growth retardation and neonatal transient mucocutaneous lesions ("transient Behcet syndrome") have been reported in pregnancies complicated by Behcets disease (BD). Neonatal neurological manifestations have not been reported in such pregnancies. Vascular and neurological involvement is known to worsen the prognosis in adults with BD. The clinical course and outcome of a 34-weeks' gestation neonate born to a mother with BD is reported. Progressive recovery from minimal respiratory distress syndrome was followed by catastrophic presentation on 6th day of life with generalized seizures. Cranial ultrasound revealed multiple hyperechoic lesions in the frontal, parietal, and periventricular regions with a few surrounded by a ring of reduced echogenicity suggesting haemorrhage into ischemic areas. Death occurred after withdrawal of life support on Day 9, after extensive discussions with parents in view of the progressive deterioration in the neonates' general condition and the cranial ultrasound findings. Strong family history of BD, clinical course, and laboratory results (no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, normal levels of protein C and S, absence of factor V Leiden and anticardiolipin antibodies) suggested neurological manifestations of BD as the most probable diagnosis.
 ...
PMID:Unusual presentation of neonatal Behcets disease. 1155 81

Heat stroke occurs in the desert area of Saudi Arabia quite frequently and manifest in different patterns including coagulopathy. Frequently encountered complications include renal or hepatic failure, rhabdomyolysis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and seizure. Not all of these complications usually occur in the same patient, in case it occurs the mortality reported is significantly high. We describe a case of heat stroke that had nearly all the known complications of heat stroke but recovered from all, except minor neurological deficit in the form of dysarthria and exaggerated deep reflexes.
 ...
PMID:Classic heat stroke in a case of simple hypohydrosis with "bad prognostic indicators" but a remarkable recovery. 1172 20

We report an infant with intermittent urinary excretion of D-2-hydroxyglutaric (D-2-OHG) acid who died at the age of 10 months from cardiogenic shock due to cardiomyopathy. High urinary concentrations of D-2-OHG and succinic acid, as well as increased levels of lactic acid were detected on three different occasions, whereas a normal urinary profile of organic acids was found on one occasion. The clinical findings of our patient consisted of generalized hypotonia, irritability, developmental delay, generalized tonic seizures, lethargy, cardiomyopathy, and respiratory distress. Cerebral MRI revealed bilateral lesions in the substantia nigra, the periaqueductal area, the medial part of the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus. This pattern is suggestive of a mitochondriopathy. However, respiratory chain enzyme activities were normal in fibroblasts. Exogenous supplementation of D-2-OHG acid strongly inhibited cytochrome-c oxidase activity in fibroblasts from the patient and from normal controls in vitro. The results suggest that our patient has an unusual form of D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-OHGA), different from the patients published so far, and that the increase of lactic acid and some citric acid cycle intermediates encountered in some patients with D-2-OHGA may be due to a functional defect of the respiratory chain caused by D-2-OHG acid.
 ...
PMID:D-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria in a patient with a severe clinical phenotype and unusual MRI findings. 1199 77


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>