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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Despite efforts of the Gambian government, which established a ministry in 1981 that would tackle gender issues, improve women's health, and promote empowerment, women are underrepresented in government and business, and 84% are illiterate. Child mortality is among the highest in Africa; 134 children per 1000 die before their fifth birthday. In the mid-1980s austerity measures adopted by the World Bank and IMF left the ministry without funds. Rice and vegetable production, the main source of income for women, fell in the 1990s. In 1994, paddy production dropped 23% from the previous year; this was due to a lack of technical and financial assistance. The collapse of tourism with Capt. Yahya Jammeh's seizure of power has put prostitutes catering to tourists out of work, but women who have lost jobs in the hotel industry may be pushed into local prostitution to survive. The impact of this on the HIV/AIDS epidemic is unclear. Although Gambia is one of the world's most aid-dependent countries (more than a quarter of the GNP before the coup), corruption and mismanagement in the nongovernmental sector is widespread. The director of the Women in Development Programme, a $15m World Bank project, was forced to resign over allegations of fraud. The political process sidelines women; only village chiefs, who are traditionally men, are allowed to vote when new heads are elected.
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PMID:Tourism's collapse puts Gambian women at risk. 1228 43

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease, which is most dangerous to infants less than one year old. About half of the babies reported nationally to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as having the disease are hospitalized. As many as 16/100 babies reported with pertussis get pneumonia, and about 2/100 have convulsions. For those babies reported to have pertussis, about 1/500 has brain problems, some of which can become permanent, and about 1/250 will die because of complications from the disease. Serious illness is less likely in older children and adults. Pertussis vaccine is generally administered in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, known as DTP vaccine. A primary series of DTP keeps 70-90/100 children from getting pertussis, usually through the elementary school years at least. About half of the children who receive DTP vaccine will not experience any discomfort at all. Some will have minor problems such as soreness, swelling and redness where the shot was given; fever; fussiness; drowsiness; and loss of appetite lasting 1-2 days. Once per 100 to 1000 shots, moderate problems can occur: crying non-stop for 3 hours or more, fever of 105 degrees (F) or higher. For 1 shot in 1750, a child may experience a seizure (convulsions, fits, spasms, twitching, jerking, or staring spells) usually caused by fever, or collapse or fainting (becoming blue, pale, limp, and non-responsive). Very rarely, DTP causes long seizures, decreased consciousness, or coma that usually does not last. Permanent brain damage can very infrequently follow such acute brain problems. There are no tests that can tell in advance if a child will be adversely affected by the DTP vaccine. Definitely the benefits from the DTP vaccine far outweigh the risks for almost all children.
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PMID:Facts about pertussis and DTP vaccine. 1234 38

Kainic acid (KA) induces seizures and degeneration in CA1 of the ventral hippocampus, though its mechanism of action is unknown. We used KA to induce seizures in freely moving rats prepared for in vivo microdialysis with probe placement, and then measured extracellular glutamate with an online fluorometric detector. Generation of free radicals was monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy coupled with perfusion of the spin-trapping agent, alpha-(4-pyridyl- N-oxide)- N- tert-butylnitrone (POBN). Regional antioxidant efficacy was measured by observing the eliminating ratio of nitroxide radicals, using 3-carbamoyl-2, 2, 5, 5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl (carbamoyl-PROXYL) applied exogenously from the probe. Increased levels of extracellular glutamate observed at the initiation of KA-induced seizures appear to be associated with generation of lipid free radicals and with a decrease in residual antioxidant effects. These data suggest that collapse of the redox state in the hippocampus, the region most vulnerable to injury from seizure activity, may be critical in the regional injury induced by seizures. Further, we propose that the functional failure of glutamate transporters due to oxidative stress results in high levels of extracellular glutamate during sustained generalized seizures induced with KA.
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PMID:Glutamate excess and free radical formation during and following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. 1241 Mar 37

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by infiltration of bone marrow, bone destruction, infiltration of soft tissues with plasma cells, and suppression of normal hematopoiesis. The production of monoclonal immunoglobulins with or without light chains is a major feature of the disease. Full spectrum of plasma cell dyscrasias include monoclonal gammapathy of undetermined significance, smouldering myeloma, indolent multiple myeloma, and fully developed, symptomatic multiple myeloma. The usual presenting features of MM include bone pain, weakness, fatigue, fever and infection. Neurologic symptoms are less common but one must not forget that MM may present with a neurologic disease. Careful neurologic history and examination are mandatory in patients with MM. Neurologic symptoms may be a direct manifestation of MM or may be due to the immune effect of monoclonal proteins directed against different neural structures. Finally, metabolic consequences (uremia, hypercalcemia, hyperviscosity) of MM may produce a broad spectrum of different neurologic symptoms including headache, blurring of vision, drowsiness, precoma, coma, vertigo, ataxia, hemiparesis and epileptiform seizures. The most common location of bone changes in MM is the thoracic spine, where it causes osteolytic changes with consequent compressive fractures. The most disastrous sequel is paraplegia. Multiple vertebral involvement with the evidence of osteolytic changes in other bones is usual, but solitary vertebral myeloma may occur. Myeloma usually involves the bone of the vertebral body and then spreads into the extradural space. However, patients with solitary extradural myeloma have been reported. Skull myeloma is frequently asymptomatic. It may grow externally or, rarely, there is intracranial expansion. Involvement of the cranial nerves is not rare, with II, V, VI, VII and VIII cranial nerves being most often affected. Isolated intracerebral plasmacytomas are extremely rare. Diagnostic approach includes plain X-rays of the skeleton, which was found to be the method of choice for demonstration of osteolytic changes, whereas magnetic resonance with gadolinium enhancement most reliably displays the degree of vertebral involvement and demonstrates any associated soft tissue mass. Current treatment of osteolytic changes in multiple myeloma include chemotherapy, radiotherapy in combination with dexamethasone, monthly infusions of bisphosphonates, surgical decompression, and kyphoplasty. Therapeutic approach is dictated by the presenting symptoms. In case of pain as the predominant symptom, treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy may be appropriate. Compressive symptoms are relieved with dexamethasone followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgical decompression is used in patients with vertebral collapse and vertebral instability. Kyphoplasty is a new method used in the treatment of osteolytic changes of vertebral bodies. A viscous cement is injected into the cavity by a balloon-like inflatable bone tampon. It has been successfully employed to improve the quality of life, to reduce pain, and to increase overall functioning in patients with vertebral compression fractures by restoring most of the original height of the vertebral body. Bisphosphonates reduce pain associated with osteolytic changes in multiple myeloma, but also significantly reduce skeletal events (pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression, surgery or irradiation of bone) via unknown mechanism. It seems that bisphosphonates, by inhibiting bone resorption, alter the microenvironment in which the MM cells grow.
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PMID:[Neurologic sequelae of bone changes in multiple myeloma and its therapy]. 1263 Mar 41

We report on a patient with a bradycardia followed by an asystole as expression of a complex partial seizure arising from a cerebral neoplasm in the medial part of the left temporal lobe. Previously published papers have shown that cardiac asystole and bradycardia as manifestation of epilepsy originate from the temporal lobe. Although seizures are a common presenting symptom of a cerebral neoplasm, bradycardia and cardiac asystole of epileptic origin as first sign of a cerebral neoplasm is only sporadically documented in literature. Many different regions of the central nervous system are involved in the cardiovascular control. When a patient with a collapse is admitted to the emergency room it often is difficult to differentiate between cardiological and neurological aetiologies. However, it is important to identify the origin of a collapse in order to start the right treatment and give correct information to the patient and his family. Therefore, in patients with a non-typical cardiac syncope, a primary neurological cause should be considered.
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PMID:Brain tumour as a rare cause of cardiac syncope. 1507 74

A 9-mo-old neutered male Labrador Retriever developed severe hypoglycemia, collapse, and seizures after consuming a large quantity of sugar-free gum sweetened with the sugar-alcohol xylitol. The dog was treated with i.v. boluses and continuous infusion of dextrose; its condition improved rapidly, but the dog remained mildly hypoglycemic for 11 hours before recovering fully. In humans, xylitol has little to no effect on plasma insulin or glucose levels, but in dogs xylitol is a strong promoter of insulin release and can cause severe hypoglycemia with ataxia, collapse and seizures. With the increased appearance of xylitol-sweetened products in the US, xylitol toxicosis in dogs may become more common.
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PMID:Hypoglycemia following canine ingestion of xylitol-containing gum. 1508 Feb 12

Ephedra, a herb reported to suppress appetite and stimulate the sympathetic nervous system as well as cardiac performance, has recently been related to several adverse events, including seizure, stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Here, we describe the case of a 45-year-old woman who died of cardiovascular collapse while taking ephedra. Tissue analysis revealed non-specific degenerative alterations in the myocardium (lipofuscin accumulation, basophilic degeneration and vacuolation of myocytes, as well as myofibrillary loss), associated with myocyte apoptosis, caspase activation, and extensive cleavage of miofibrillary proteins alpha-actin, alpha-actinin, and cardiac troponin T. Healthcare professionals are therefore urged to warn their patients about the risk of serious adverse effects, which may follow ephedra intake.
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PMID:A case of fatal ephedra intake associated with lipofuscin accumulation, caspase activation and cleavage of myofibrillary proteins. 1605 66

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family, has drawn much attention as a potential therapeutic target for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). TLE seizures are produced by synchronized hyperactivity of neuron populations due to the disruption of a balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmissions. In epileptogenesis-related brain areas, including the hippocampus, BDNF is up-regulated in the course of the development of epilepsy and induces a collapse of balanced excitation and inhibition, eventually exerting its epileptogenic effects. On the other hand, several reports demonstrate that intrahippocampal infusion of BDNF can attenuate (or retard) the development of epilepsy. This antiepileptogenic effect seems to be mediated mainly by an increase in the expression of neuropeptide Y. These contrasting effects of BDNF have prevented us from concluding whether inhibition or enhancement of BDNF signaling finally achieves the prevention of TLE. To address this question, it is essential to evaluate how BDNF changes its influences depending on conditions, for example, cell specificity, neural networks, and expression timing and loci. In this article, the authors review BDNF-induced acute and long-lasting changes seen in epileptic circuits from the anatomical and functional points of view.
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PMID:To BDNF or not to BDNF: that is the epileptic hippocampus. 1606 15

Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen (SERA5) is a promising asexual blood stage malaria candidate vaccine. However, there is a paucity of information about natural immune responses to SERA5 in children from malaria-endemic regions. We undertook a hospital-based case-control study of severe malaria in Apac District, Northern Uganda, in children 6-59 months of age. The commonest symptoms observed in children with severe malaria (SM) were respiratory distress (53.4%) and prostration (40.4%) followed by circulatory collapse (7.4%), severe anemia (Hb < 5 g/dL, 7.0%), and seizures (2.6%). None of the SM children had impaired consciousness, coma, or cerebral malaria. We measured serum IgG antibodies using a recombinant construct of SERA5 (SE36) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. High titers of IgG anti-SE36 were associated with protection against severe malaria in children under 5 years old.
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PMID:High titers of IgG antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen 5 (SERA5) are associated with protection against severe malaria in Ugandan children. 1647 69

We report a case of hepatic hydatidosis where the first clinical manifestations, generalized seizures after minor head and abdominal trauma, and delayed anaphylaxis, made the primary diagnosis difficult. Severe anaphylaxis has been reported as initial presentation of quiescent hepatic hydatidosis. In endemic areas, the diagnosis must be carefully ruled out in patients experiencing abrupt anaphylactic shock of uncertain etiology. The occurrence of unexplained vascular collapse after minor abdominal trauma in a patient originating from an endemic area should prompt the diagnosis and urgent treatment should be initiated; firstly emergency management of the anaphylactic shock and later, surgical treatment of the cysts.
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PMID:Grand mal seizures: an unusual and puzzling primary presentation of ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst. 1671 85


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