Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 32-year-old primigravida showed signs of pre-eclampsia before delivery of a healthy boy at term. The CSF-space was accidentally punctured during epidural anaesthesia in labour. One day later hypertension was noted and the patient had a single generalized fit. For the next three weeks she had postural headaches, fluctuating hypertension, intermittent hearing loss and double-vision. On the 22nd day of postpartum, the patient had the first of a series of partial and later generalized seizures, followed by hemiparesis, alteration of consciousness, and finally slow recovery with corticosteroid therapy. Bilateral subdural effusions and generalized meningeal thickening were found on MR scans. Repeated MRI excluded sinus thrombosis and documented the response to treatment.
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PMID:Neurological cause of late postpartum seizures. 201 11

A rare case of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion occurring after minor surgery is presented. A ten-year-old, previously healthy boy underwent general anaesthesia for detorsion and right orchiopexy. Throughout the operations, which lasted for one hour, he received 120 ml Ringer's lactate solution. The immediate postoperative period was uneventful. Twenty-two hours postoperatively he was found unconscious with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Simultaneously obtained serum sodium concentration (121 mEq.L-1) serum osmolarity (265 mEq.L-1), urine sodium concentration (87 mEq.L-1) and urine osmolarity (525 mEq.L-1) suggested inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion which was confirmed by an elevated serum arginine-vasopressin (AVP) level of 14.5 pcg.ml-1 (normal 1-5 pcg.ml-1) measured by radioimmune assay. He was treated with a single iv dose of 30 mg furosemide and fluid restriction, which produced a gradual increase of his serum sodium concentration to normal within two days. He was well during the remainder of his hospitalization.
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PMID:Symptomatic hyponatraemia due to inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion following minor surgery. 173 45

Whether endogenous opioid peptides were involved in the inhibitory action of the hippocampus (HPC) on luteinizing hormone (LH) release was studied examining the effect of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on the inhibitory action of electrical stimulation of the HPC and also by examining the effect of metenkephalin administration in the HPC, on preovulatory release of LH in proestrous rats. In rats treated with saline at 13:00 h, either sham stimulation or electrical stimulation of the dorsal HPC, which was performed acutely under ether anesthesia, significantly inhibited the afternoon rise in serum LH. In animals treated with naloxone at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight, the afternoon rise in LH appeared smaller than that in the control group. However, statistical analysis showed no significant difference in LH values compared to the control group. Direct administration of met-enkephalin at a dose of 10 micrograms at 13:00 h through a chronically implanted cannula in the HPC did not induce any significant change in the afternoon rise in LH, regardless of whether it induced behavioral seizures or not. The results suggest that opioid peptides in the HPC do not play a significant role in the inhibitory action of HPC on LH release. Opioids existing in areas other than the HPC may play a certain, but small role.
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PMID:The roles of endogenous opioids in the inhibitory action of the hippocampus on preovulatory luteinizing hormone in rats. 208 31

Etomidate (ET) is a known hypnotic agent in neuroanesthesia. This study was designed to examine the reliability of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after transcranial magnetic stimulation in monkeys anesthetized intravenously with ET. The ET regimen was as follows: an initial dose (0.5 mg/kg) followed by 13 doses (0.2 mg/kg every 6-12 min; mean, 8.0 +/- 1.3 min). The total dose administered was 3.1 mg/kg. The magnetic coil was placed over the MEP scalp stimulation region. Evoked electromyographic responses were recorded from the contralateral abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and abductor hallucis (AH) muscles of the fore- and hindlimbs, respectively. Reproducible MEP responses were consistently recorded while the animal was under total ET anesthesia. The coil demography was altered and the MEP scalp topography was moderately reduced by ET injections. Significant threshold elevation was noted after a total dose of 1.7 mg/kg for APB responses and 0.5 mg/kg for AH responses (P less than 0.05). Marked prolongation of latency was observed after a dose of 0.5 mg/kg for APB MEPs and 2.5 mg/kg for AH MEPs (P less than 0.05). MEP amplitude responses showed marked variability. Repeated doses of ET produced a mean threshold rise of 14 to 28% for the APB and 19 to 29% for the AH. The mean latency delay was 5 to 11% for the APB and 0.5 to 8% for the AH, while the mean amplitude depression was 24 to 59% for the APB and 15 to 50% for the AH. Apparent seizure activity or abnormalities in behavior and feeding were not noted over a 1-year period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The effect of etomidate on motor evoked potentials induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in the monkey. 192 26

Fentanyl induced seizures have been described previously in the literature. Clinical observations has labeled the movements seen in fentanyl anesthesia as seizure activity but electroencephalographic studies have not supported this. A case of seizure-like activity after the administration of fentanyl in a 20-year-old female is reported.
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PMID:Seizure-like activity during fentanyl anesthesia. A case report. 215 4

In our previous study, we have demonstrated that intra-amygdaloid injection of dibutyryl-cAMP causes neuronal damage in the injected AM and the CA 1-3 subfields of the ipsilateral hippocampus in addition to epileptic seizures. This result suggested that db-cAMP is a new neuroexcitotoxin. In this study, we examined comparative morphological effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) following intra-amygdaloid injection of db-cAMP or, kainate. In Expt. 1, twenty rats received 100 micrograms db-cAMP (N = 10), 0.5 micrograms kainate (N = 4), or saline as a vehicle (N = 6), through the implanted cannula under non-anesthesia. Either kainate or db-cAMP produced epileptic seizures, while saline induced no electroclinical ictal response. Following db-cAMP or kainate injection, neuronal loss was observed in the injected AM, but AChE positive fibers were intact. In the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injected AM, the loss of pyramidal cells was also noted in accordance with the severity of seizure intensity. In the piriform cortex ipsilateral to the injected AM, the loss of AChE-positive fibers were seen, but sparing neuronal cell bodies. In Expt. 2, nineteen rats were injected with 100 micrograms db-cAMP (N = 7), 0.5 micrograms kainate (N = 7), or saline as a vehicle (N = 5) under pentobarbital anesthesia. Kainate or db-cAMP produced few sporadic spikes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Neuroexcitotoxic action of db-cAMP: lesioning of neuronal cell bodies while sparing fibers of passage]. 216 8

Status epilepticus (SE) evolves through several stages when untreated. The later stages of SE are less responsive to standard anticonvulsants and may require general anesthesia to suppress seizures. Antagonists acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subclass of glutamate (excitatory) receptors have been demonstrated to exert antiepileptic activity in some seizure models. We report experiments performed to determine if NMDA receptor antagonists are effective in stopping seizures in the late stages of SE. A model of limbic SE induced by 90 min of 'continuous' electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in rats was employed. Three NMDA receptor antagonists, one 'competitive' (CPP) and two 'non-competitive' (ketamine and MK-801), were compared to 3 standard antiepileptic drugs (diazepam, phenobarbital, and phenytoin) for their ability to suppress seizures at a physiologically defined stage of SE. All NMDA receptor antagonists, diazepam and phenobarbital were effective in suppressing behavioral and electrographic seizures for varying periods of time. Phenytoin had no effect on SE. Ketamine and MK-801 induced a paradoxical enhancement of electrographic seizures that preceded SE suppression. We believe that NMDA-receptor antagonists offer a novel approach for treating the late stages of SE.
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PMID:NMDA receptor antagonists and limbic status epilepticus: a comparison with standard anticonvulsants. 216 58

Propofol is a new anesthetic induction agent that reduces electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) seizure duration. To indirectly investigate the effect of propofol on ECT-induced acute central neurotransmitter changes, we studied neuroendocrine responses in 25 primary depressed subjects treated with ECT under either propofol or thiopentone anesthesia. Blood samples were taken prior to ECT, and then at regular intervals for 2 hr. Only the prolactin response correlated significantly with seizure duration (r = 0.52, p less than 0.01). Subjects given propofol had significantly reduced adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) (p less than 0.01) and cortisol (p less than 0.05) responses compared to thiopentone, which were independent of seizure duration. There was a trend towards a reduction in the prolactin response with propofol compared to thiopentone, but this was dependent upon the diminished seizure duration. The results indicate that propofol affects endocrine responses to ECT by two distinct mechanisms: decreasing prolactin by reducing the seizure duration and decreasing ACTH and cortisol by another process, possibly via a reduction in central noradrenergic activation.
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PMID:Effect of the anesthetic agent propofol on hormonal responses to ECT. 164 24

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive investigation technique that uses non ionizing radio waves of low quantum energy, rendering it suitable for application in children. Monitoring and anesthesia techniques allow MRL including immobilisation in a special incubator to be carried out in small infants. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides biochemical information on living organisms in a non-invasive manner. Such a technique has recently been used to study neonatal brain energy metabolism. High energy phosphate metabolism and phospholipid metabolism can be evaluated in this manner and available clinical correlations can be made regarding eg seizures or long term neurologic sequelae associated with a decreased phosphocreatine: orthophosphate ratio. Future trends in neonatal MRS will provide further information on morphologic and metabolic brain development.
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PMID:In vivo NMR spectroscopy: investigation of brain metabolism in neonates and infants. 217 45

Evidence from studies of experimental animals indicates that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve alters behavioral and electrographic seizure activity. We report on effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve in five patients with medically intractable seizures as part of a clinical trial of chronic vagal stimulation for control of epilepsy. The mechanism of action of the vagal antiepileptic effect is unknown, and it is hoped that analysis of electrophysiological effects of vagal nerve stimulation will help elucidate which brain areas are affected. Stimulation of the left vagus nerve in the neck was accomplished with a programmable implanted stimulator. Effects of stimulus amplitude, duration, and rate were studied. Noncephalic reference recording of the vagus-nerve-evoked potential showed some unusual properties: a scalp negative component occurred with latency of 12 ms, very high amplitude (up to 60 microV), and widespread scalp distribution. Field distribution studies indicate that this potential is generated in the neck, in the region of the stimulating electrodes. Muscle paralysis confirms this observation. Stimulation at various frequencies had no noticeable effect on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity regardless of whether the patient was under general anesthesia, awake, or asleep.
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PMID:Vagus nerve stimulation in humans: neurophysiological studies and electrophysiological monitoring. 222 67


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