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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A variety of pharmacologic, behavioral, and receptor-binding studies were performed in an effort to determine the mechanism and site of action of nicotine on the rat brain. When nicotine was given into the lateral or fourth ventricles or directly into the lateral vestibular nuclei of rats, it produced a characteristic prostration often accompanied by tonic seizures and body rotation along a longitudinal axis. Of a variety of brain areas studied, the prostration response could only be elicited from the lateral and, to a lesser extent, medial vestibular nuclei. The response could not be produced by a variety of cholinergic agonists or antagonized with nicotinic cholinergic antagonists, with the possible exception of mecamylamine. A good correlation was observed between the ability of nicotine analogues to antagonize the nicotine-induced prostration and their ability to compete with 3H-nicotine binding to rat brain membranes. 3H-nicotine binding had a high affinity, was stereoselective and concentrated in nerve endings and such brain regions as the thalamus, cerebrum, and hippocampus. When nicotine was administered intraventricularly to rats, it significantly elevated the threshold to an aversive shock. It was concluded that many of the central actions of nicotine could not be explained on the basis of traditional nicotinic cholinergic mechanisms.
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PMID:Sites and mechanisms for nicotine's action in the brain. 611 64

The intravenous toxicity to the rat of 36 pyrethroids has been examined. With two exceptions they cause either (1) T-syndrome, consisting of aggressive sparring, sensitivity to external stimuli, fine progressing to gross whole body tremor and prostration or (2) CS-syndrome, consisting of pawing and burrowing behaviour, salivation, coarse tremor, progressing to sinuous writhing (choreoathetosis) and clonic seizures. The two exceptions presented a TS-syndrome with salivation associated with the T-syndrome. No clearcut relationship between chemical structure and symptoms of poisoning has emerged through some generalisations are discussed.
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PMID:Structure-activity relationships of some pyrethroids in rats. 744 3

Audiogenic seizures associated with loss of weight, prostration, piloerection, palpebral ptosis and motor deficiency were induced after sound stimulation of determined frequency and amplitude in magnesium-deficient DBA/2 mice. These symptoms were maintained when standard diet conditions (1700 ppm Mg2+) were restored. In contrast, mice were protected from audiogenic seizure in a dose related manner when Crassostrea gigas extract (JCOE) were added to the diet for 10 consecutive days. Although a rational explanation for this protective effect has not yet been determined, it is assumed that it might be due to a chelating complex formed between Mg2+ and taurine, which enhance the uptake of Mg2+.
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PMID:Protective effect of Crassostrea gigas extract on audiogenic seizures in magnesium deficient mice. 975 10

Felbamate, 2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate, is a novel anticonvulsant that is effective against both chemically and electrically induced seizures in laboratory animals. Acute, subchronic, and chronic studies were conducted in mice, rats, and dogs to establish a preclinical safety profile for this drug. Clinical signs following single intraperitoneal doses included hypoactivity, tremors, decreased muscle tone, ataxia, prostration, and labored breathing. Death was observed after intraperitoneal but not oral administration. A consistent drug-related effect noted in all multiple-dose studies with this compound was decreased body weight and food consumption. The only other consistent change noted in multiple-dose studies with felbamate was an increase in liver weight (relative and absolute) in the rat and dog which was accompanied in some cases by increases in serum enzyme levels. No histopathological changes were observed in the liver that could explain these elevated serum enzyme levels. Based on the results of these studies it was concluded that long-term administration of felbamate in human clinical trials was warranted.
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PMID:Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity studies with felbamate, 2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate. 984 29

Primary varicella-zoster infection is very common during childhood and few patients develop complications. The most frequent complications are bacterial infection of the lesions, laryngitis and varicella pneumonia. In the nervous system it can produce encephalitis and especially cerebellitis. We describe a case of primary varicella-zoster induced rhabdomyolysis in a 5-year-old girl with mental retardation, microcephalia and mild diplegia who, in the context of varicella infection, presented extreme muscular weakness and prostration. Blood and urine tests showed high creatine phosphokinase concentrations and myoglobinuria. The patient received aggressive intravenous hydration. Evolution was favorable with no renal failure. Rhabdomyolysis can produce life-threatening complications such as renal failure, intravascular disseminated coagulation and hyperkaliemia. The disease can be precipitated by alcohol ingestion, compression injury and generalized seizures. Infectious etiology is less common. Few reports have been published on primary varicella-zoster induced rhabdomyolysis but, because creatine phosphokinase concentrations are not routinely performed in varicella infection, very mild cases might have been under-diagnosed. Despite its rarity, this disease should be considered in cases of infection, since early treatment with hyperhydration can prevent complications.
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PMID:[Varicella induced rhabdomyolysis]. 1157 48

The intramuscular (i.m.) route is generally used for treatment of childhood falciparum malaria in outlying health care units in Togo. The purpose of this randomized therapeutic trial was to compare the efficacy and tolerance of diluted injectable quinine administered by the i.m. versus intrarectal (IR) route. A total of 64 children ranging in age from 8 months to 15 years were treated, i.e. 32 for each administration route. All children presented uncomplicated falciparum malaria in association with vomiting in 30 cases, a single unrecurring seizure with postictal coma lasting less than 30 minutes in 25 patients, or prostration without neurological manifestations in 9. Injectable quinimax (an association of cinchona alkaloids) was diluted to a concentration of 60 mg base/ml for i.m. injection into the thigh and 30 mg base/ml for use by the IR route. Administration was performed every 12 hours for 72 hours at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg for patients in the i.m. group or at a dose of 15 mg/kg in the IR group. The anus and lower rectal mucosa were examined using an anal valve before and after treatment using the IR route. Analysis of mean temperature curves demonstrated no significant difference between the clinical effectiveness of quinimax administered by the i.m. versus IR route (p > 0.05). Similar effect were also observed on parasitemia which disappeared completely in all patients by the end of the 72-hour treatment. The main problems were insufficient product retention requiring re-administration in 25% of patients in IR group and residual pain at the injection site in 12.5% of patients in the i.m. group. Endoscopic examination revealed no evidence of ulceration or necrosis of the anorectal mucosa. These findings indicate that administration of diluted injectable quinine by IR route is an effective, well-tolerated alternative for treatment of childhood falciparum malaria. It should be used preferentially in outlying health care units in patients presenting severe malaria pending transfer to an hospital, or signs of "intermediate severity" such as hyperpyrexia, hyperparasitemia, unrepeated seizure, or intensive vomiting.
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PMID:[Diluted injectable quinine in the intramuscular and intrarectal route: comparative efficacity and tolerance in malaria treatment for children ]. 1219 13

Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of technical-grade 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (96%-97% pure), a rubber accelerant and preservative, were conducted by administering the chemical by gavage in a corn oil vehicle to groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 16 days, 13 weeks, or 2 years. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole was nominated for study by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Sixteen-Day and Thirteen-Week Studies: In 16-day studies, mean body weight gains of rats receiving 2,500 mg/kg were 6-7 g lower than those of vehicle controls; 4/5 male and 5/5 female mice dosed with 3,000 mg/kg and 4/5 female mice dosed with 1,500 mg/kg died; lethargy and prostration occurred in most of these animals after gavage. Based on these results, doses were selected for both species in the 13-week studies were 0, 94 (mice only), 188, 375, 750, and 1,500 mg/kg. In the 13-week studies, no chemical-related deaths occurred in rats, but body weight gains in males dosed with 1,500 mg/kg and in females dosed with 750 or 1,500 mg/kg were lower than those in the vehicle control groups. Hepatomegaly occurred at the two highest doses in males and at all doses in females; however, no microscopic pathologic changes were noted in any tissue. More than half the mice dosed with 1,500 mg/kg died, but no compound-related body weight changes occurred. Clinical signs in mice were dose related and included lethargy in animals dosed with 375 mg/kg and lacrimation, salivation, and clonic seizure in some dosed with 750 or 1,500 mg/kg. No association between these clinical signs of toxicity and gross or microscopic pathologic effects were observed. Doses selected for the 2-year studies were 0, 375, and 750 mg/kg for male rats and for mice of each sex and 0, 188, or 375 mg/kg for female rats. Body weight and Survival in the Two-Year Studies: Fifty animals of each species and sex were administered 2-mercaptobenzothiazole in corn oil by gavage 5 days per week for 103 weeks. Administration of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole resulted in decreased survival in dosed male rats (vehicle control, 42/50; low dose, 22/50; high dose, 20/50) and in the high dose group of female mice (37/50; 39/50; 22/50) but not in female rats (28/50; 31/50; 25/50) or in male mice (38/50; 33/50; 30/50). No effect on body weight gain in dosed rats was observed; in dosed mice, minor reductions occurred between weeks 3 and 64, withrecovery thereafter. Postgavage lethargy and prostration occurred frequently in dosed rats and mice. Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the Two-Year Studies: The severity of nephropathy was increased in dosed male rats. Ulcers and inflammation of the forestomach were prevalent in dosed rats, as were increased incidences of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis in male rats, but no neoplasms of the forestomach were observed. There were no increases of nonneoplastic lesions in mice which were considered to be compound related. The incidences of a variety of tumors were increased in rats dosed with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; some of the increased incidences were not dose related. In low dose male rats, increased incidences (P<0.01) were observed for mononuclear cell leukemia (7/50; 16/50; 3/50) and pancreatic acinar cell adenomas (2/50; 13/50; 6/49). Increased tumor incidences with dose-related trends (P<0.05) included pituitary gland adenomas in females (15/49; 24/50; 25/50), preputial gland adenomas or carcinomas (combined) in males (1/50; 6/50; 5/50), adrenal gland pheochromocytomas or malignant pheochromocytomas (combined) in males (18/50; 27/50; 24/49), and pheochromocytomas in females (1/50; 5/50; 6/50). These tumors were observed at significantly greater incidences (P</=0.05) in the high dose groups than in the vehicle controls. An increased incidence (P=0.028) of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas (combined) was observed only in low dose female mice (4/50; 12/49; 4/50). No significant increases in tumor incidences were seen in male mice. Genetic Toxicology: 2-Mercaptobenzothgy: 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 with or without metabolic activation. In the presence of rat liver S9, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, as well as mutations at the TK locus of mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells. Audit: The data, documents, and pathology materials from the 2-year studies of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole were audited at the NTP Archives. The audit findings show that the conduct of the studies is documented adequately and support the data and results given in this Technical Report. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole for male F344/N rats, indicated by increased incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia, pancreatic acinar cell adenomas, adrenal gland pheochromocytomas, and preputial gland adenomas or carcinomas (combined). There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity for female F344/N rats, indicated by increased incidences of adrenal gland pheochromocytomas and pituitary gland adenomas. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole for maleB6C3F1 mice dosed with 375 or 750 mg/kg. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity for female B6C3F1 mice, indicated by increased incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas (combined). Synonyms and Trade Names: Captax; Dermacid; Mertax; Thiotax; 2(3H)-benzothiazolethione; 2-benzothiazolyl mercaptan
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (CAS No. 149-30-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies). 1273 4

Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen (SERA5) is a promising asexual blood stage malaria candidate vaccine. However, there is a paucity of information about natural immune responses to SERA5 in children from malaria-endemic regions. We undertook a hospital-based case-control study of severe malaria in Apac District, Northern Uganda, in children 6-59 months of age. The commonest symptoms observed in children with severe malaria (SM) were respiratory distress (53.4%) and prostration (40.4%) followed by circulatory collapse (7.4%), severe anemia (Hb < 5 g/dL, 7.0%), and seizures (2.6%). None of the SM children had impaired consciousness, coma, or cerebral malaria. We measured serum IgG antibodies using a recombinant construct of SERA5 (SE36) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. High titers of IgG anti-SE36 were associated with protection against severe malaria in children under 5 years old.
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PMID:High titers of IgG antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen 5 (SERA5) are associated with protection against severe malaria in Ugandan children. 1647 69

A retrospective study of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of markers of brain parenchymal damage was conducted in Kenyan children with severe falciparum malaria. Two markers were analysed by immunoassays: the microtubule-associated protein tau for degenerated axons and S-100B for astrocytes. The level of tau proteins in the CSF was significantly elevated in children with cerebral malaria compared with either malaria with prostration or malaria with seizures but normal consciousness (p<0.001). Elevated tau was also found to be associated with impaired delivery of oxygen (severe anaemia), severe metabolic acidosis manifesting as respiratory distress (increased respiratory rate and deep acidotic breathing) and at higher parasite densities. Elevated S-100B in children was associated with an increased risk of repeated seizures. This study provides evidence that axonal injury is associated with malaria coma and identifies the potential role of severe anaemia, acidosis and hyperparasitaemia to causing brain parenchymal damage in children with malaria.
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PMID:Axonal and astrocyte injury markers in the cerebrospinal fluid of Kenyan children with severe malaria. 1745 17

Few data are available about severe malaria in Madagascar. Our aims were to describe epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of severe malaria in patients in Antananarivo. We conducted a retrospective study from 1 March 2006 to 31 March 2008 at the infectious disease department. We recorded 61 cases of severe malaria among 1,803 in patients. Sex ratio was 2 and average age was 35.3 years old. Three pregnant women were recorded among women (15.8%). Self-medication was registered in 23%. Among 35 patients who received first medical care, no one had parasitological examination. The treatment was inadequate for all patients (n = 19). Conscience impairment (65.6%), jaundice (24.6%), seizure (18%) and prostration (14.8%) were the major severe signs. Diagnosis was made 6.54 days after the onset of the disease. Mortality rate was 11.5%. Self-medication, inappropriate primary care and delayed diagnosis represented risk factors for severe malaria in our cohort.
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PMID:[Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of severe malaria in adults in hospital in Antananarivo, Madagascar]. 1995 May 35


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