Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The high seizure susceptibility in epileptic chickens is due to an autosomal recessive mutation. In 3-day-old chicks homozygous for the epilepsy gene (epileptics), elevation of body temperature using microwave diathermy evoked an initial febrile seizure resembling the clonic seizures evoked in epileptic chicks by photic stimulation. After complete recovery, this was followed by a clonic-tonic seizure. In nonepileptic heterozygote hatchmates (carriers) of the same age, only the latter seizure pattern was observed. In 16- to 17-day-old chicks of either phenotype, both seizure patterns were observed during hyperthermia. In all cases, the temperature at which seizures occurred was significantly lower in epileptic than in nonepileptic chicks, indicating a lower threshold for febrile seizures when there is an inherited predisposition to convulse. The occurrence of seizures was dependent on the body temperature and not on the rate of rise of temperature. Elevation of the brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations by administration of the GABA transaminase inhibitor gamma-vinyl GABA reduced the incidence of the initial febrile seizures and increased the latency in those birds that were not fully protected.
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PMID:Experimental febrile convulsions in epileptic chickens: the anticonvulsant effect of elevated gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations. 404 16

1. Maturation of the excitatory and inhibitory neuromechanisms at various levels of the central nervous system was demonstrated by the convulsogenic activity induced by leptazol in the developing albino rat.2. The somatomotor end points considered (myoclonic jerk, myoclonic seizure, tonic seizure and catalepsy) were not observed in all age groups. Tonic seizure was seen at birth, myoclonic jerks at 2 weeks of age, myoclonic seizure and catalepsy at 3 weeks of age.3. The convulsive sequences described presented three different patterns, defining three age groups: the infant pattern (infant group: newborn-1 week old animals); the transitional pattern (transitional group: 2 week old animals); and the adult pattern (adult group: 3 week old-adult animals).4. Effective doses were determined for the three types of convulsive sequence: MJ50 for the myoclonic major sequence (maximal end point: myoclonic jerk), MS50 for the myoclonic major sequence (maximal end point: myoclonic seizure) and the TS50 for the myoclonic-tonic-clonic sequence (maximal end point: tonic seizure).5. The correlation of the convulsive patterns with the dose and latency variations suggests that: (a) the neuromechanisms responsible for the tonic seizure and clonic seizure, located at brainstem and spinal cord levels, function at birth and reach maturity at 3 weeks of age; (b) the neuromechanisms responsible for the myoclonic manifestations and for catalepsy, located at the striato-thalamocortical level, start functioning at 2-3 weeks of age, indicating the later maturation of the more cephalic structures.
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PMID:Maturation of convulsogenic activity induced by leptazol in the albino rat. 510 3

1. The maturation of the convulsogenic activity of the caudal brainstem and spinal cord in the developing albino rat was studied by intraperitoneal injections of strychnine sulphate.2. The observed responses were classed as hyperexcitability and hypertonic responses, graded 1 to 4. The complete tonic seizure (grade 4 hypertonic reaction, strychnine tetanus, maximal response) was obtained in all age groups, from birth to adulthood. The responses were grouped in sequences, and two patterns were distinguished: an infant one (from birth to 3 weeks) and an adult one (from 3 weeks on).3. All doses varied according to age. The curve obtained for the median convulsive dose falls into two parts: descending, from birth to 3 weeks, and ascending, from 3 weeks on. Each part corresponded to a sequence pattern, the descending one to the infant pattern, and the ascending one to the adult pattern.4. From these patterns and the corresponding median effective doses, three stages of the convulsogenic maturation of the spinal cord were distinguished: immaturity, pharmacological maturity and convulsogenic maturity.5. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for the complete tonic seizure is fully functional from birth, while that responsible for clonic seizure only reaches full maturity at 3 weeks of age.
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PMID:Maturation of somatomotor responses to strychnine in the albino rat. 568 83

The effect of gamma-D-glutamylaminomethylsulphonic acid (GAMS) on sound-induced seizures has been assessed in DBA/2 mice. All phases of the seizure response are suppressed following intracerebroventricular injection (ED50 values: 0.077 mumol for tonic seizure, 0.132 mumol for wild running) or intraperitoneal injection (ED50: 1.21 mmol/kg for tonic seizure, 4.95 mmol/kg for wild running). The results are discussed in relation to the involvement of 'kainate' and 'quisqualate' receptors in the generation and propagation of seizures.
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PMID:gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulphonic acid (GAMS), a kainate and quisqualate antagonist, prevents sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice. 609 31

Mice injected with drug or vehicle were administered a 13 mA shock via corneal electrodes. The number of mice in which the shock produced a tonic seizure was recorded. The dose that blocked seizures in 50% of mice (ED50) was determined for each drug. The drugs evaluated consisted of 15 hypnotics, two antidepressants and two antihistamines. All hypnotics and antidepressants, and one antihistamine, caused a dose-dependent suppression of seizures. The ED50's were highly correlated with hypnotic potency in man. The advantages of this procedure, as compared to others currently used for the evaluation of hypnotic potential of novel compounds, are discussed.
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PMID:Protection from shock-induced seizures as a measure of hypnotic potency of drugs. 610 5

The anticonvulsive effects of GABA, taurine, and glycine were investigated on several chemically-induced and genetic seizure models. Intravenous injections of either GABA, taurine, or glycine provided protection against 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-induced convulsions in adult Swiss mice. GABA was partially effective against isonicotinic acid hydrazide and was without effect against bicuculline-induced convulsions. Prolonged administration of glycine prevented MPA-induced convulsions but not electrically induced seizures or seizures induced by strychnine or metrazol. Intragastric glycine protected young audiogenic seizure-susceptible DBA/2 mice against all three phases of sound-induced convulsions (wild running, clonic and tonic seizure), but GABA and taurine provided little or no protection. With increase of glycine, the cerebral levels of glutamine and serine also increased, but that of glutamic acid decreased. The endogenous glutamic and glycine levels were slightly higher in the brains of the audiogenic seizure-susceptible DBA/2 mice than in that of the resistant BALB/Cy strain.
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PMID:Anticonvulsant effects of some inhibitory neurotransmitter amino acids. 613 43

Epileptic seizures can be evoked in chicks homozygous for the epileptic seizure gene (epi, epi) by elevating their body temperature using microwave diathermy. These seizures precede and differ in motor seizure pattern from a second clonic-tonic seizure produced by hyperthermia in both epileptic and carrier (heterozygote, Epi, epi) chicks. Hyperthermia did not evoke seizures in adult epileptic chickens. Phenobarbital delayed the onset of epileptiform seizures whereas phenytoin and valproate had no effect. These data suggest that epileptic chicks may provide a suitable model for studies on febrile convulsions.
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PMID:Febrile seizures in epileptic chicks: the effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin and valproate. 640 41

A 43-year-old man suddenly experienced severe headaches and involuntary flexion-extension movements of four limbs, which were followed by hypertonic extension of the limbs lasting for a few hours. Two days later, he experienced generalized tonic seizure without loss of consciousness. After the seizures, he remained hemiparetic on the right side. His past medical history was non-remarkable, and the histories of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, head trauma and significant infectious diseases were all denied. Cerebral angiography performed 22 days after the onset showed a segmental, irregular narrowing of the left A2 segment and an aneurysmal outpouching immediately proximal to the stenosis. CT scan revealed a low density area in the left frontal lobe, corresponding to the territory of the involved left anterior cerebral artery. Cerebral angiography was repeated twice in the succeeding 6 months. Each time, the involved A2 segment showed persistence of narrowing, but its shape showed definite changes with the passage of time. A diagnosis of dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery was reached by the characteristic angiographic features, and the patient was treated conservatively. Dissecting aneurysm of the cerebral arteries have been reported much less frequently than those of the aorta or other extracranial arteries. Recently, however, such reports are increasing in number, seemingly due to enhancement of knowledge of typical angiographic features, such as string sign, rosette sign, pearl reaction, double lumen and several others. Most of intracranial dissecting aneurysms involve the middle cerebral artery or vertebral-basilar artery, and the ones involving solely the anterior cerebral artery as in this present case are very rare.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Dissecting aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery: report of a case]. 650 59

Disulfiram prolonged the latency to clonic seizure caused by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 100 mg/kg SC). The effect of disulfiram was augmented by combination with tryptophan plus lithium, although neither tryptophan or lithium prolonged the latency to clonic seizure. The latency to tonic seizure was also prolonged in disulfiram-treated animals in parallel with the prolongation of the latency to clonic seizure. Lithium treatment completely prevented the incidence of tonic seizure, while this effect was cancelled in disulfiram-treated animals. Disulfiram acts on the clonic and tonic seizures in different ways.
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PMID:Effect of disulfiram in combination with L-tryptophan and lithium on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure. 681 52

Complex and mixed atypical absences and tonic epileptic seizures of 12 patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with onset after age 6 were studied. By complexes seizures we mean the associations of two elementary epileptics phenomena and by mixed that of three or more. Complex and mixed epileptic seizures already reported for patients with the early form of the syndrome were identified. The seizures reported, but not classified, in the literature were named by us as follows: gestural and mimic tonic-atonic automatic, tonic-gelastic, atypical absence with atonic cervical-cephalic seizures. New forms were described and classified. The following terminology was proposed for the convulsive seizures: procursive tonic-automatic, and procursive hemitonic-automatic. The non convulsive seizures--atypical absences--were described also in terms of critical EEG findings, and named as follows: automatic alimentary with palpebral myoclonic jerks; versive with palpebral myoclonic jerks; with palpebral myoclonic jerks and cervical and oculogyric atonic seizure; with intermittent cervical oculogyric atonic seizure and palpebral myoclonic jerks; with intermittent cervical atonic and oculogyric seizure; with palpebral myoclonic jerks and tonic seizure in cervical flexion. It was found that polymorphism of the complexes and mixed seizures is greatest for patients with the syndrome of early onset when compared with that with the syndrome of late onset.
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PMID:[Tonic epileptic crisis and complex and mixed atypical absences in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients over 6 years of age]. 682 Jun 30


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