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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This report concerns two cases of metachromatic leukodystrophy presenting partial seizures. One was a 2-year-old boy with a late infantile type and the other a 17-year-old girl with a juvenile type. The former had tonic-clonic seizures on the left with concomitant twitching of the left side of the face and adversive conjugate deviation of the eyes. After a while, his interictal sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) showed spikes in the right central area. The second case had hemiconvulsions on the right side, consisting mainly of tonic flexion of the upper limb followed by clonic flexions, and accompanied by adversive conjugate deviation of the head and eyes. Her ictal EEG showed rhythmic 6- to 7-Hz wave bursts in the left frontal area. To this date, no report has given a detailed discussion of the type of seizures and ictal EEG in metachromatic leukodystrophy. In addition, there have been few detailed reports of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the juvenile type. It is interesting that typical partial seizures were observed in a hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by diffuse demyelination of the white matter, and the pathophysiology is discussed here mainly in relation to MRI findings of the case with the juvenile type.
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PMID:Partial seizures in two cases of metachromatic leukodystrophy: electrophysiologic and neuroradiologic findings. 128 51

We reported a case of persistent interictal aphasia after repeated partial seizures. This 64-year-old man, left-handed and literate, developed repeated right facial twitching associated with head turning to the right or transient loss of awareness since October 30 1991. Persistent aphasia between seizures occurred from November 4. An electroencephalogram (EEG) on November 6 showed an epileptic focus over the left frontal area. Tc-99m HMPAO brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) performed one and half and hour after an attack on November 7 showed focal hyperperfusion over the left frontal area. The aphasia recovered on November 7 after the seizures had been stopped. Follow-up EEG and Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT done on November 11 and November 14 respectively were normal.
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PMID:Persistent interictal aphasia after repeated partial seizures: a case report. 132 90

The clinical features and management of nine cases of mushroom poisoning due to Amanita pantherina (eight cases) and Amanita muscaria (one case) admitted to a children's hospital are described. Most ingestions were in the toddler age group with males being more frequently involved. Symptoms occurred between 30-180 min with the onset of central nervous system depression, ataxia, waxing and waning obtundation, hallucinations, intermittent hysteria or hyperkinetic behavior. Vomiting was rare. Seizures or myoclonic twitching occurred in 4/9 patients, but was controlled with standard anticonvulsant therapy. No other anticholinergic or cholinergic signs were prominent. Recovery was rapid and complete in all patients.
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PMID:Mushroom poisoning in infants and children: the Amanita pantherina/muscaria group. 134 20

We studied 36 drop seizures in 5 patients with myoclonic astatic epilepsy of early childhood (MAEE) with simultaneous split-screen video recording and polygraph. Sixteen were falling attacks and 20 were either less severe attacks exhibiting only deep head nodding or seizures equivalent to drop attacks in terms of ictal pattern but recorded in the supine position. All seizures except those that occurred in patients in the supine position showed sudden momentary head dropping or collapse of the whole body downward. Recovery to the preictal position was observed in 0.3-1 s. As a result of carefully repeated observations, the 36 seizures were classified as myoclonic flexor type in 9, myoclonic atonic type in 2, and atonic type, with and without transient preceding symptoms in the remaining 25. The MF seizure was characterized by sudden forward flexion of the head and trunk as well as both arms, which caused the patient to fall. In the myoclonic atonic seizure, patients showed brief myoclonic flexor spasms, immediately followed by atonic falling. The AT seizure showed abrupt atonic falling, with and without transient preceding facial expression change and/or twitching of extremities. The ictal EEGs of all 36 seizures exhibited generalized bilaterally synchronous single or multiple spike(s) and wave discharges. Atonic drop attacks appear to be a common cause of ictal epileptic falling in MAEE.
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PMID:Video-EEG analysis of drop seizures in myoclonic astatic epilepsy of early childhood (Doose syndrome). 139 20

We have selected a strain of rats and designated it the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg (GAERS). In this strain, 100% of the animals present recurrent generalized non-convulsive seizures characterized by bilateral and synchronous spike-and-wave discharges accompanied with behavioural arrest, staring and sometimes twitching of the vibrissae. Spontaneous SWD (7-11 cps, 300-1,000 microV, 0.5-75 sec) start and end abruptly on a normal background EEG. They usually occur at a mean frequency of 1.5 per min when the animals are in a state of quiet wakefulness. Drugs effective against absence seizures in humans (ethosuccimide, trimethadione, valproate, benzodiazepines) suppress the SWD dose-dependently, whereas drugs specific for convulsive or focal seizures (carbamazepine, phenytoin) are ineffective. SWD are increased by epileptogenic drugs inducing petit mal-like seizures, such as pentylenetetrazol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, THIP and penicillin. Depth EEG recordings and lesion experiments show that SWD in GAERs depend on cortical and thalamic structures with a possible rhythmic triggering by the lateral thalamus. Most neurotransmitters are involved in the control of SWD (dopamine, noradrenaline, NMDA, acetylcholine), but GABA and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) seem to play a critical role. SWD are genetically determined with an autosomal dominant inheritance. The variable expression of SWD in offsprings from GAERS x control reciprocal crosses may be due to the existence of multiple genes. Neurophysiological, behavioural, pharmacological and genetic studies demonstrate that spontaneous SWD in GAERS fulfill all the requirements for an experimental model of absence epilepsy. As the mechanisms underlying absence epilepsy in humans are still unknown, the analysis of the genetic thalamocortical dysfunction in GAERS may be fruitful in investigations of the pathogenesis of generalized non-convulsive seizures.
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PMID:Genetic absence epilepsy in rats from Strasbourg--a review. 151 94

Guanidinoethanesulfonic acid (GES) is known to induce convulsive seizures when administered intracisternally to rabbits and cats. The effects of GES on behavior, electroencephalographic recording and brain monoamine levels were examined in mice. When GES (900 nmol) was intraventricularly injected into mice, focal clonic movements of the face, vibrissae and ears together with twitching of the limbs were observed 0.5-1 min after the injection. Hypersensitivity was observed up to 7 min after the injection, after which the mice behaved normally. GES also induced sporadic spike discharges on electrocorticogram. The levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) of the GES-injected mice were lower than those of the saline-injected mice in the hippocampus, diencephalon, pons-medulla oblongata and cerebellum 5 min after the injection. No changes in the norepinephrine or dopamine levels were found after the GES injection. The level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid increased in the striatum and cerebellum 5 min after the GES injection. These results suggest that GES-induced convulsive activities enhance the serotonergic neuroactivity in order to suppress the convulsions.
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PMID:Effect of guanidinoethanesulfonic acid on brain monoamines in the mouse. 172 53

We present 3 patients in whom epilepsia partialis continua was the presenting sign of an acute, rapidly evolving and catastrophic neurologic illness. Initial seizures were partial simple (i.e., eye deviation in one, finger twitching in one) which progressed to multifocal partial seizures. The course of the epilepsia partialis continua was 36-41 days. Prognosis was uniformly poor (i.e., death in 2, vegetative state in 1); therefore, epilepsia partialis continua in the context of an acute neurologic illness may herald a grim outcome.
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PMID:Prognostic significance of acute epilepsia partialis continua. 190 43

The various seizure responses observed behaviorally in freely moving rats after repeated pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injections were compared with simultaneous electrocorticographical (ECoG) recordings. Seizures induced were divided into 7 behavioral categories (grade 0-6): grade 0, no behavioral seizures; grade 1, head nodding, head twitching; grade 2, myoclonic jerks; grade 3, head twisting, forelimb clonic convulsions; grade 4, kangaroo position; grade 5, falling down; grade 6, tonic convulsions. Specific behavioral seizure types were always associated with identifiable ECoG patterns. All rats which exhibited higher than grade 3 seizures developed decrease in spontaneous movements and decreased amplitude in ECoG activity after the end of their behavioral seizures, which suggests the existence of post-ictal inhibition. Both myoclonic jerks (grade 2) and tonic convulsions (grade 6) are important features of these seizure types which are not seen in electrical amygdaloid seizure models. This seizure classification will be useful for further rat PTZ seizure studies.
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PMID:Electrocorticographical observation of seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injection in rats. 209 53

This is a report of two neurologically normal patients who had primary generalized seizures consisting of irregular fluttering or twitching movements of the eyelids accompanied by generalized, rhythmic 9- to 15-Hz electroencephalographic discharges as well as infrequent generalized tonic-clonic seizures. This is a syndrome of idiopathic generalized epilepsy that responds to treatment with valproic acid.
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PMID:Eyelid twitching seizures and generalized tonic-clonic convulsions: a syndrome of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. 210 72

A 74-year-old woman with multiple medical problems including chronic renal failure was admitted for treatment of a diabetic foot infection. On day 12 of therapy with oral ciprofloxacin and metronidazole, the patient experienced generalized myoclonus and muscle twitching. At that time it was realized that although the ciprofloxacin regimen prescribed was a usual dose for a skin and soft-tissue infection, it was excessive for her degree of renal function. This was thought to be the most likely cause of the patient's neurotoxicity. Seizure activity has been reported to occur with the quinolone antibiotics and, with the increasing use of these agents, dose reductions should be kept in mind to avoid potentially serious adverse reactions.
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PMID:Potential neurologic toxicity related to ciprofloxacin. 226 Mar 59


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