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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In experiments with rats and mice it was been found that centrophenoxine in acute experiments in large doses has inhibitory effects on the central nervous system. Centrophenoxine has no analgesic action. When administered subchronically, centrophenoxine aggravates both the pentetrazol and the maximal electroshock seizures.
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PMID:Some central nervous actions of centrophenoxine (Meclofenoxat) in animals. 3 58

The aim of the study was to derive some practical measurements which might help in defining a "safe" infusion rate in order to avoid seizures during treatment of hypernatremic dehydration. Forty seven infants with hypernatremic dehydration were rehydrated on a 160 ml/kg/24 h basis: 9 developed seizures during treatment (group I), 22 matched for age did not convulse (group II). Nine subsequent cases were prescribed a 120 ml/kg/24 h regimen: none convulsed (group III). The three groups were comparable in many respects, including initial plasma Na and pH. Fluids were comparable regarding (Na), their rates of administration were respectively 216, 181 and 123 ml/kg/24 h. The rate of infusion affected slopes of decreases in natremia. It was suggested that the decrease in plasma Na should not exceed 0,5 mEq/1/h.
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PMID:Controlled fall in natremia and risk of seizures in hypertonic dehydration. 3 58

Desmethyldiazepam--providing the long-term anticonvulsant effect when diazepam is given orally--is conveniently administered as clorazepate (Tranxene). In this study, clorazepate was compared to phenobarbital as a secondary anticonvulsant in eight ambulatory, adult outpatients. Stable doses of phenytoin were maintained throughout. Drowsiness was present in all on phenobarbital, but there were no clorazepate-related side effects. Seizure control did not differ for each treatment. Addition of common side effects of phenytoin and phenobarbital limited the attained serum levels of each when used together. Clorazepate doses in the 0.56-mg-per-kilogram range gave desmethyldiazepam levels in the 1.0-microgram-per-milliliter range. Induction of metabolism was suggested by falling desmethyldiazepam levels despite increasing doses. Clorazepate is an effective, nontoxic secondary anticonvulsant.
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PMID:Evaluation of clorazepate (Tranxene) as an anticonvulsant--a pilot study. 3 67

Kindling is an experimental model of epilepsy in which periodic brain stimulation induces the progressive development of electrical and behavioral seizures. A kindling-induced electrical seizure (afterdischarge) in the rat hippocampus produces prolonged neuronal supersensitivity to microiontophoretically applied acetylcholine after a latency of 40 to 60 minutes. Neuronal acetylcholine supersensitivity is correlated with the further progression of kindling. A larger hippocampal after-discharge is elicited by a subsequent kindling stimulus delivered in the presence of acetylcholine supersensitivity, but not by one delivered before the onset of the supersensitivity. The results suggest that alteration of synaptic sensitivity to acetylcholine may contribute to kindling and epileptogenesis.
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PMID:Neuronal supersensitivity to acetylcholine induced by kindling in the rat hippocampus. 3 60

Six barbiturates with diverse time-action characteristics--thiopental, pentobarbital, butabarbital, phenobarbital, diphenylbarbiturate, and barbital--were evaluated for "anticonvulsant" and "neurotoxic" effects. For the former, the MES test, clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol, 90 mg/kg, s.c., and maximal seizures produced by pentylenetetrazol, 200 mg/kg, s.c., were employed. For the latter, we used a rotorod technique. Time to peak activity in the MES test was employed as the time for other tests. Pentobarbital required at least neurotoxic doses to produce substantial "anticonvulsant" activity, its protective index ranging from 0.79 to 0.98 in the three tests. Among the drugs tested, phenobarbital and diphenylbarbiturate exhibited the most favorable protective indices, ranging from 2.71 to 3.41 for phenobarbital and from 3.85 to 5.0 for diphenylbarbiturate. Barbital, another drug with a prolonged duration of action, exhibited a range from 0.84 to 2.81. Although a prolonged duration of action is an important characteristic for antiepileptic activity, this property does not confer per se a favorable protective index.
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PMID:Differential selectivity of several barbiturates on experimental seizures and neurotoxicity in the mouse. 3 70

To assess the possible role of amine neurotransmitters in human epilepsy, we measured metabolites of serotonin (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5-HIAA]), dopamine (homovanillic acid [HVA]), and norepinephrine (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol [MHPG]) in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with partial complex seizures and in neurologic controls. Untreated epileptic patients had lower concentrations of 5-HIAA and HVA in the lumbar CSF than the controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. Among epileptic patients receiving effective antiepileptic drug treatment, the HVA concentration was within the control range. Mean MHPG concentrations were similar in patients and controls. From the epileptic patients whose CSF was obtained at pneumoencephalography we obtained a second sample of CSF that was originally in the basal cisterns. No significant differences between treated and untreated patients were found for any of the three metabolites. The concentrations of HVA and 5-HIAA were higher in cisternal than in lumbar CSF, but there was no such gradient for MHPG.
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PMID:Monoamine metabolites in the CSF of epileptic patients. 3 60

A new model of transient, bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the unanesthetized rat is described. During ether anesthesia the rat's vertebral arteries were electrocauterized through the alar foramina of the first cervical vertebra and reversible clasps placed loosely around the common carotid arteries. Twenty-four hr later, the awake rats were restrained and the carotid clasps tightened to produce 4-vessel occlusion. The carotid clasps were removed after 10, 20 or 30 min of 4-vessel occlusion and the animals killed by perfusion fixation 72 hr later. Rats which convulsed during the ischemic or post-ischemic period were excluded from further study. All rats subjected to 20 or 30 min of 4-vessel occlusion demonstrated ischemic neuronal damage. The H1 and paramedian hippocampus, striatum and layers 3, 5 and 6 of the posterior neocortex were the regions most frequently damaged. The advantages of this model are the ease of preparation of large numbers of animals, a high rate of predictable ischemic neuronal damage, a low incidence of seizures and the absence of anesthesia.
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PMID:A new model of bilateral hemispheric ischemia in the unanesthetized rat. 3 14

Veratridine causes deplorization of excitable cells and produces marked elevation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) levels in incubated slices of mouse cerebral cortex. Phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, primidone, phensuximide, methsuximide, alpha-methyl-alpha-phenylsuccinimide, and high concentrations of clonazepam are anticonvulsant drugs that preferentially prevent maximal electroshock seizures (MES) and generalized tonic-clonic convulsions; all these agents inhibit veratridine-induced accumulation of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. In contrast, ethosuximide, trimethadione, valproic acid, and low concentrations of clonazepam are anticonvulsant drugs that act predominantly against Metrazol and absence seizures; these agents are ineffective or inhibit accumulation of only cyclic GMP. The results suggest that inhibition of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP accumulation in depolarized brain tissue is a molecular neuropharmacological action characteristic of anticonvulsant drugs that have direct effects on cellular membrane function and prevent MES. Anticonvulsant drugs that do not inhibit accumulation of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in depolarized brain tissue preferentially prevent Metrazol and absence seizures and probably exert their effects by altering neurotransmission mechanisms.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of anticonvulsant drugs on cyclic nucleotide accumulation in brain. 3 36

The inborn seizure response of Papio papio to intermittent light stimulation has been reviewed as a model of human epilepsy. The electrographic and clinical features have been described and useful methodology has been outlined. A diurnal cyclicity in seizure responsiveness has been described with greatest seizure severity at 8 AM in parallel with a rise in urinary output of cortisol. Hormonal influences on the seizure response have been described for ethinyl estradiol, thyroxin, and triiodothyronine. Evidence regarding neurotransmitter involvement has been reviewed. Data regarding use of the animal for anticonvulsant testing in single and chronic doses has been discussed. Particular advantages of the model for study of age-related drug effects and the assessment of the effects of chronically administered anticonvulsant agents on learning and memory have been described.
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PMID:Photomyoclonic seizures in the baboon, Papio papio. 3 8

A hyperactive mentally retarded patient receiving clozapin and other major tranquilizers had an unexpected seizure. The EEG revealed severe pathological patterns which disappeared after discontinuation of clozapin and could be reproduced as a function of clozapin medication. Other major tranquilizers had no particular effects. This study demonstrates how we determined whether clozapin or other major tranquilizers had seizure-promoting effects in a particular patient.
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PMID:[EEG changes during clozapin administration compared to other neuroleptic agents. Controlled case study in a particular patient]. 3 38


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