Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We carried out a phase I trial with chlorambucil. Thirty patients with advanced cancer were entered in six dose levels: 36, 48, 60, 84, 108, and 144 mg/m2. The drug was given in six divided oral doses every 6 hours and the regimen was repeated every 3 weeks. The median age was 62 years (31-84), median Karnofsky performance status (KPS) 60 (40-90). All patients but one had received prior radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both. Central nervous system toxicity was dose limiting, occurring in 5 of 6 patients at 144 mg/m2. It was characterized by transient seizures, hallucinations, lethargy, stupor, and coma. Metoclopramide was successful in controlling nausea and vomiting, which was severe if the antiemetic was not used. Leukopenia (3 patients) and thrombocytopenia (2 patients) were mild. One patient with colorectal carcinoma had a minor response, and two patients with non-small cell lung cancer had stable disease. A safe dose for phase II trials is 108 mg/m2 in six 6-hourly oral doses.
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PMID:A phase I trial of chlorambucil administered in short pulses in patients with advanced malignancies. 317 70

Overall, acyclovir is a remarkably safe drug considering its potent antiviral effect. The most frequent reactions with short-term use of oral acyclovir are nausea and vomiting and with 6 months' use headache, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms are also seen frequently with placebos. The most frequent adverse reaction to intravenous use has been inflammation and phlebitis at the injection site. The two most important serious adverse effects are (1) encephalopathic changes with abnormal electroencephalograms and lethargy, tremors, confusion, and seizures and (2) renal precipitation of the drug because of a rapid bolus of drug administered parenterally. Safety of acyclovir for use during pregnancy and in neonates and young children has not been established.
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PMID:Adverse reactions to acyclovir: topical, oral, and intravenous. 333 41

Fourteen institutions performed 1,830 computed tomographic (CT) cerebral blood flow (CBF) examinations with 32% inhaled stable xenon. Respiratory rate delay greater than 10 seconds occurred in 3.6% of patients, with 83% of the delays lasting 10-15 seconds. There was no incident of prolonged respiratory difficulty. Headache (0.4%), seizures (0.2%), nausea and vomiting (0.2%), and change in neurologic status (0.1%) were uncommon, and there were no transient ischemic attacks. The CT CBF method with 32% inhaled stable xenon is thus associated with an acceptably low incidence of adverse reactions.
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PMID:Adverse reactions to xenon-enhanced CT cerebral blood flow determination. 382 44

The clinical and laboratory data relating to the adverse experiences and tolerability of imipenem/cilastatin in the first 2,516 patients treated with the antibiotic are reviewed, with special reference to the last 793. Clinical adverse experiences were predominantly related to the gastrointestinal system (nausea and vomiting), local injection site, and allergy (rash). A low frequency of drug-related seizures was also reported. The most frequent adverse laboratory experiences were transient elevations of liver function test values. In general, the safety profile was similar to that of other beta-lactam antibiotics.
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PMID:Review of adverse experiences and tolerability in the first 2,516 patients treated with imipenem/cilastatin. 385 18

The administration of digitalis glycosides causes a variety of extracardiac effects. In both normal human subjects and in other species, digitalis increases smooth muscle tone of resistance and capacitance vessels. The vasoconstriction is mediated, in part, by a direct action of these glycosides on smooth muscle and, in part, by an increase in alpha-adrenergic tone. Constriction of coronary and splanchnic vessels may lead to myocardial or mesenteric ischemia. In contrast to normal subjects, patients with congestive heart failure demonstrate arteriolar and venodilation in response to these glycosides, possibly because the myocardial effect, to increase cardiac output and peripheral blood flow, overcomes the vasoconstrictor properties of these drugs. Other important actions of digitalis glycosides occur in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Their effects on the area postrema of the medulla oblongata are largely responsible for the alpha-adrenergic-mediated peripheral vasoconstriction, as well as the nausea and vomiting that frequently accompany digitalis intoxication. Actions of glycosides on the cerebral cortex are responsible for the wide range of neurotoxic effects that range from visual disturbances and headaches to seizures and coma. Finally, peripheral neurologic effects of digitalis glycosides on baroreceptor and cardiac afferent fibers may: improve the depressed function of these receptors in the situation of heart failure, and reflexly lower peripheral vascular resistance, thereby partially preventing the vascular constrictor action of these glycosides.
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PMID:Extracardiac and coronary vascular effects of digitalis. 388 56

Two cases of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (P X A) of young subjects (Kepes et al., 1979) are reported. Case 1 arose in 15-year-old boy admitted to the hospital with the complaint of severe headaches associated with nausea and vomiting of 1 month's duration. Computed tomographic scans showed a large well-defined low density area in the left temporo-parietal region of which an anterior portion was enhanced by contrast medium. Craniotomy revealed a large superficial and cystic tumor with a mural nodule. Histological and immunohistochemical features were those of a P X A confirmed by an electron microscopic study. No radiotherapy was given. The patient made a complete recovery, and 32 months later was asymptomatic. Case 2, a 17-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital in 1977. He presented with seizures that started 18 months prior to surgery. Carotid and humeral angiograms and air studies indicated the presence of a right, internal temporal mass with herniation. The craniotomy revealed a firm superficial tumor with an infratentorial, extraparenchymal extension. The histological diagnosis was giant cell glioblastoma or gliosarcoma. The patient received post-operative radiation of 5.500 rads and chemotherapy (CCNU and VM 26). He died on the 7th post-operative month. In this 2nd case, the diagnosis of P X A was made retrospectively based upon histological and immunohistochemical observations similar to case 1. We are aware of 24 P X A in the literature. In their clinical and histological features these neoplasms resemble closely each other. P X A are superficial, supratentorial astrocytomas occurring in youngs subjects (ages 3 to 32). Their typical microscopic structure include a marked cellular pleomorphism with bizarre giant cells, some mitotic figures and no necrosis. Many cells contain lipid and hyalin droplets in their cytoplasm. Characteristically, the tumoral stroma contain a very rich reticulin fiber network. Immunoperoxidase technique reveal glial fibrillary acidic protein in the tumor cells. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate abundant intracytoplasmic glial filaments. Individual cells or group of cells are surrounded by a prominent basal lamina. Some hemidesmosomes or primitive attachments are seen at the margins of the tumor cells. The biological behaviour of PXA with or without radiotherapy is relatively favorable. Long survival times (up to 25 years) are reported but in 5 cases, P X A follow a less favorable course with malignant transformation and death. Morphologic and immunohistochemical studies support the subpial astrocytic origin of P X A.
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PMID:[Xanthoastrocytoma inf young subjects. Review of the literature apropos of 2 cases with discordant courses]. 389 48

The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term efficacy and tolerability of gamma-vinyl GABA (GVG) in the treatment of epilepsy. 36 patients with severe therapy resistant epilepsies participated, the majority exhibiting complex partial seizures. The mean follow-up period was 9.3 months. GVG was administered as add-on therapy, to keep serum levels of concomitant treatment constant. The mean dose of GVG was 2.6 g's per day. Fifty-six per cent of the patients, including three patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, experienced more than a 50% reduction in seizure frequency. No signs of tolerance development to the antiepileptic effect of GVG was demonstrated. Two patients were withdrawn from GVG treatment due to increased seizure frequency, and two due to side effects in the form of vomiting and nausea. Incidentally, the side effects observed were harmless and transient. Fifty per cent of the patients experienced no side effects at all. GVG seems to be a valuable antiepileptic compound. The results of this long-term study confirm observations from several short controlled trials.
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PMID:Long-term study of gamma-vinyl GABA in the treatment of epilepsy. 406 Oct 51

Thirty-six patients with measurable or evaluable advanced soft tissue sarcoma were entered in a phase II trial with PALA. Among the 27 evaluable patients, 15 were men, the median age was 55 yr (16-69) and the median performance status (Karnofsky) was 80 (50-100). Most patients had leiomyosarcoma (8), liposarcoma (3), neurofibrosarcoma (3), synovial cell sarcoma (3), or undifferentiated sarcoma (3). Indicator lesions consisted essentially of lung metastases (21) and/or soft tissue lesions (14). All patients had received prior chemotherapy with 1-5 regimens and 6 had achieved objective response with these previous treatments. PALA was given as a 60-min i.v. infusion at a daily dose of 2.5 g/m2 for two consecutive days. Courses were repeated every two weeks. A median number of 3 courses (2-17) were administered. Partial remission (greater than 50%) was obtained in one patient with a liposarcoma who had also responded to prior combination chemotherapy. This single response to PALA lasted 6 weeks from initiation of therapy. Four patients had unchanged disease after 6+ courses of PALA and 22 had progressive disease. Toxic effects were generally mild to moderate and included cutaneous toxicity (17), diarrhea (14), stomatitis (13), ocular manifestations, consisting of conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration and/or photophobia (11), nausea and vomiting (6) and, possibly, seizures (2). There was no evidence of drug-related myelosuppression. It is concluded that PALA given at the dose schedule selected for this trial has no significant antitumor activity in advanced soft tissue sarcoma previously treated with chemotherapy.
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PMID:N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) in advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a phase II trial of the EORTC soft tissue sarcoma group. 621 62

In a comparative randomized double-blind study, 73 patients underwent myelography using iopamidol (36 patients) or metrizamide (37 patients) as contrast medium. The overall diagnostic adequacy of iopamidol myelography was found to be comparable to that of metrizamide myelography. The incidence of examinations graded as superior (64%) or adequate (36%) with iopamidol was equivalent to that with metrizamide (57% superior, 43% adequate). Adverse reactions after iopamidol myelography were fewer, less severe, and generally of shorter duration than those associated with metrizamide. In the iopamidol group, adverse reactions occurred in nine (25%) patients, all of whom experienced mild or moderate headache, one with nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. In the metrizamide group, adverse reactions occurred in 17 (46%) patients, all of whom experienced mild or moderate headache, six with nausea and vomiting and four with back and leg pain. Of nine individuals who underwent myelography using 300 mg 1/ml metrizamide injected via lateral C1-C2 puncture, three experienced a toxic encephalopathy with confusion, dysphasia, headache, nausea, and vomiting, and a fourth individual suffered severe nausea, vomiting, fever, and irregular pulse. Encephalopathy was not observed in any of the 11 patients in whom myelography was performed via lateral C1-C2 puncture with a similar concentration of iopamidol. No seizures were encountered, and no clinically significant changes in laboratory studies were observed with either contrast medium.
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PMID:Iopamidol and metrizamide for myelography: prospective double-blind clinical trial. 638 81

Because Cisplatin potentiates the effect of radiotherapy in animal tumor systems and because Cisplatin is capable of causing regressions of human malignant melanomas, a study was initiated in patients with malignant melanoma metastatic to brain to investigate the feasibility of administering Cisplatin once a week during cranial irradiation. Cisplatin 40 mg/m2/week (three doses) was given I.V. to 18 patients during whole brain irradiation, 3 000 rads in 12 fractions over 21/2 weeks. Eleven patients also received Cisplatin 120 mg/m2 every three weeks, starting three weeks after cranial irradiation. Median survival was ten weeks, and only one of 13 patients whose brain metastases had not been resected experienced neurological and CT scan improvement. Thirteen patients have died, and brain metastases were a major cause. No regression of extracerebral tumor was seen in 15 patients with evaluable extracerebral lesions. During weekly low-dose Cisplatin administration, nausea and vomiting were moderate to severe. No granulocytopenia was noted, although three courses were associated with mild thrombocytopenia. Mucositis, peri orbital swelling, vertigo, and headache were each noted in two of 51 courses of treatment and seizures, ototoxicity, pancreatitis, and hiccups were each noted in one course. Renal toxicity and ototoxicity each developed in three of the 11 patients receiving Cisplatin 120 mg/m2, and nausea and vomiting were severe.
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PMID:Weekly Cisplatin during cranial irradiation for malignant melanoma metastatic to brain. 668 94


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