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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurologic signs and their neuropathologic correlates were examined in a sample of 56 patients with autopsy-proved Alzheimer's disease (13 men, 43 women; mean age at death, 83.1 years; range, 67 to 96 years) from a prospective longitudinal study. Full-range regular rigidity with cog-wheeling was found in 20 patients and was significantly associated with lower neuron counts in the substantia nigra and with the presence of Lewy bodies in the brain stem and neocortex. Twelve patients with myoclonus had a younger age at onset, a lower age at death (mean, 78.6 years), and lower neuron counts in the serotoninergic dorsal raphe nucleus and in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus than did the patients without myoclonus. Generalized motor seizures were reported in six patients, and they had significantly lower counts of pyramidal cells in cortical layers III through IV of the parietal cortex (area 7) and slightly decreased pyramidal cell numbers in the parahippocampal gyrus (area 28). The 19 patients with a positive grasp reflex had an earlier onset of illness and a significantly inferior performance on the Mini-Mental State examination and Cambridge Cognitive Examination tests. They, and 25 patients with a positive snout reflex, had significantly lower counts of large pyramidal cells in layers III through V of the frontal cortex (area 32). These results indicate that different neurologic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease can be related to disproportionate neuronal degeneration in functionally different brain areas.
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PMID:Neurologic signs in Alzheimer's disease. Results of a prospective clinical and neuropathologic study. 141 11

Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (BME) is characterized by the occurrence of brief myoclonic attacks in normal infants aged 4 months to 3 years. There is no prior personal history, although in some patients 1 or 2 isolated febrile convulsions may occur prior to the onset of myoclonias. A family history of epilepsy or febrile convulsions is present in 30% of cases. Myoclonic attacks are short and mild, they involve mainly the head and upper limbs. The psychomotor development continues normally after the onset of seizures. The EEG shows a normal background activity and generalized spike-wave or polyspike-wave discharges associated with the myoclonias. These abnormalities are activated by drowsiness and during the first stages of sleep. A clinical and EEG photosensitivity is present in one-third of the patients. Myoclonias can be easily controlled by valproate monotherapy. Rare grand mal seizures can occur during adolescence, after withdrawal of drug treatment. The psychomotor evolution is good if treatment is started early. When myoclonias begin during the first year of life, the diagnoses of cryptogenic infantile spasms and of non-epileptic benign infantile myoclonus must be eliminated. In cases with a later onset, the following diagnoses can usually be easily discarded: cryptogenic Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, myoclonic-astatic epilepsy and unclassified epilepsies with the association of myoclonias and other types of seizures.
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PMID:Benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy: electroclinical symptomatology and differential diagnosis from the other types of generalized epilepsy of infancy. 141 73

Each time he stood up a 60-year old man experienced myoclonic jerks, quickly followed by a syncope due to major postural hypotension. Progressive autonomic failure was associated with pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar features in a pattern characteristic of Shy-Drager disease. Myoclonic jerks suggested seizures, but no electroencephalographic epileptiform activity was found. This case together with data from the literature suggest, that such involuntary movements may result from cerebral anoxia.
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PMID:[Postural hypotension with myoclonia in multisystemic atrophy]. 143 54

We report 53 infants who by clinical history were thought to have infantile spasms but who video-electroencephalograms showed were having other episodes that closely mimicked infantile spasms. Nine patients had other types of seizures. Forty-five patients had episodic symptoms that were not seizures: 11 patients had spasticity, four had gastroesophageal reflux, and the other patients had nonepileptic myoclonus, including 19 patients with benign neonatal sleep myoclonus. Three patients had more than one type of symptom. Infantile spasms imitators occurred in neurologically normal or abnormal infants, in patients with normal or abnormal interictal electroencephalograms, and in patients who also had previous or current infantile spasms. Differentiation of these episodes from infantile spasms prevented the initiation or continuation of anticonvulsant treatment appropriate for infantile spasms but inappropriate for these other behaviors.
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PMID:Clinical imitators of infantile spasms. 146 48

Eighteen women and five men had typical absences. These included 10% of a consecutive hospital series of 200 adult patients with epileptic disorders. The absences began between the ages of seven and 46 years and varied in type and severity. Twenty patients also had generalised tonic-clonic seizures, ranging in frequency from one in a lifetime to one per month. Myoclonic jerks of the limbs occurred in 11 patients but were not associated with the absence attacks. Eyelid myoclonus consistently occurred with absence attacks in four patients and perioral myoclonus in two patients. Absence status occurred in five patients. Absence seizures were frequently unrecognised or misdiagnosed as complex partial seizures. Satisfactory control was achieved with sodium valproate. Electroencephalography, particularly video-electroencephalography, was invaluable in the diagnosis, but focal abnormalities in seven patients might have been erroneously interpreted as indicating partial seizures. This series showed that clinical and EEG manifestations are often syndrome-related and that there are more epileptic syndromes with typical absences than those presently recognised.
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PMID:Typical absence seizures in adults: clinical, EEG, video-EEG findings and diagnostic/syndromic considerations. 146 93

Myoclonus, seizures and progressive dementia are the main clinical features in Lafora's disease. This is the first reported case in which the diagnosis has been made by axillary skin biopsy in a patient with myoclonus but no other neurological symptoms.
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PMID:Diagnosis by axilla skin biopsy in an early case of Lafora's disease. 827 Sep 46

Several non-epileptic disorders may cause episodic and paroxysmal symptoms that resemble epilepsy and they must be considered in the differential diagnosis. Some of these disorders are discussed in the present review: vasovagal, vasomotor and cardiac syncopes, breath holding spells. Among the sleep disorders, parasomnias, nightmares and the benign neonatal sleep myoclonus are mentioned. Migraine with aura, alternating hemiplegia and benign vertigo of childhood are probably related disorders. Benign myoclonus of early infancy, paroxysmal choreoathetoses and pseudoepileptic or hysterical seizures are further non-epileptic attack disorders to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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PMID:[Differential diagnosis of cerebral seizures]. 150 11

We studied a 24-year-old man who had reading epilepsy after removal of a left frontal arteriovenous malformation. Lesion analysis by means of a neuroanatomic template placed a 2-cm region of encephalomalacia anterior to the left central sulcus in premotor cortex (Brodmann's area 6). Lexical and nonlexical reading activation tests demonstrated seizures during reading and increased discharge rates when the patient was reading aloud or silently articulating. Seizures (perceived or actual jaw clicking) were electrographically characterized by brief left frontocentral epileptiform transients. Grapheme to phoneme transformation, not linguistic complexity, appears to be the critical stimulus in some reading epilepsies. The case adds anatomic relevance to the phonologic component of reading and supports the putative role of dominant premotor cortex in activation of precise sequences of motor linguistic output in reading and writing. Reading epilepsy may be a reflex or action myoclonus syndrome localized to Brodmann's area 6 (Exner's area).
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PMID:The role of dominant premotor cortex and grapheme to phoneme transformation in reading epilepsy. A neuroanatomic, neurophysiologic, and neuropsychological study. 152 84

The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome (DES) consists of altered mental status, communication difficulty, seizures and myoclonus. It has been attributed to elevated serum aluminium (A1) levels. Two undialysed patients with chronic renal failure who presented with the characteristic syndrome are reported. The first, a 48 year old female, had used A1 containing phosphate binders for two years. Her serum A1 level was 25.34 mumol/L. Despite treatment with desferoximine and dialysis, she died. Necropsy revealed elevated A1 levels in the cerebral cortex (19 mcg/gm) and spongioform change in the outer three cortical layers. The second patient, a 46 year old woman, had a serum A1 of 8.70 mumol/L. She had never taken A1 containing phosphate binders but had taken several grams/day of citrate for at least six months. Treatment with haemodialysis and discontinuation of the citrate produced a resolution of symptoms and return of the A1 level to normal. During two years of haemodialysis there has been no recurrence.
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PMID:Aluminium intoxication in undialysed adults with chronic renal failure. 152 41

This study reports results from experiments designed to test common, clinically useful anti-convulsants for their effectiveness, if any, against the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in rats. Phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, or diazepam were administered orally to rats before compression. Endpoints used to assess the progression of the HPNS were T1, T3, and T5 (onset of, continuous, and severe tremor), myoclonus, and seizures. Of the four drugs tested, only phenobarbitone increased the onset pressure for tremor and seizures by: T1 33%; T3 11%; T5 14%; seizures 10%. Neither phenytoin, carbamazepine, nor diazepam had any significant effect on any of the endpoints studied. High dose chronic pretreatment with phenytoin also had no effect on the HPNS. These data suggest that conventional anticonvulsant treatment would be of limited value for HPNS in man, and the lack of effect also suggests that HPNS seizures are of an unusual type.
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PMID:Effects of four common anticonvulsants on the high pressure nervous syndrome in the rat. 153 60


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