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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several new lines of evidence suggest the existence of two or more distinct types of benzodiazepine receptors, in contrast to earlier results suggesting the presence of only one class of receptors. Appropriate thermoinactivation experiments indicate two receptors with different thermostabilities. Several triazolopyridazines, with some of the pharmacological properties of anxiolytics have recently been shown to displace 3H-diazepam and 3H-flunitrazepam with Ki values in the 6 to 100 nanomolar range. These new substances are active in conflict tests in rats and monkeys and prevent metrazol induced seizures in vivo, but strikingly lack the ataxia and sedative properties of the benzodiazepines. Hill analyses of dose-response curves for some of these substances yields Hill coefficients in the range of 0.4--0.6, suggesting that these compounds may be able to discriminate between several types of benzodiazepine receptors.
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PMID:Some properties of brain specific benzodiazepine receptors: new evidence for multiple receptors. 4 Feb 57

Late-onset chronic progressive panencephalitis developed in a 12-year-old boy with congenital rubella syndrome from whose brain rubella virus was isolated. Progressive dementia began at eight, and ataxia, choreiform movements, myoclonic seizures, and fine perimacular pigmentation appeared at 11 years of age. The cerebrospinal fluid was minimally pleocytotic and had a total protein of 156 mg per deciliter, of which 52 per cent was gamma globulin. Electroencephalography demonstrated generalized medium and occasional high-voltage slowing without burst suppression. The antibody titer to rubella virus (hemagglutination inhibition) was 1:8192 in serum and 1:256 in cerebrospinal fluid. Antibody titer to measles virus (complement fixation) was less than 1:8 in serum. Microscopical study of biopsied brain tissue at the age of 11 disclosed panencephalitis similar to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, but with perivascular deposits and without inclusion bodies. Rubella virus was isolated from the brain by cocultivation with CV-1 cells.
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PMID:Chronic progressive panencephalitis due to rubella virus simulating subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. 4 49

Five patients experienced severe encephalopathy within hours of receiving their initial dose of cranial irradiation for the treatment of central-nervous-system leukaemia. Neurological findings included cranial-nerve palsies, seizures, ataxia, depressed consciousness, increased intracranial pressure, and signs of herniation. Symptoms developed within 3-30 hours of the first radiation treatment of 50-200 rad. Each patient had also received one or more injections of intrathecal chemotherapy before encephalopathy developed. The aetiology of this syndrome is uncertain but may involve transient cerebral oedema and/or an altered blood-brain barrier produced by the combination of intrathecal chemotherapy and cranial irradiation.
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PMID:Acute encephalopathy after initiation of cranial irradiation for meningeal leukaemia. 7 11

Chronic bipolar electrodes were implanted in cortical, limbic, diencephalic and mesencephalic regions of the rat. Following recovery from surgery the rats were maintained for 14--26 days on a liquid diet in which 35--42% of total calories were provided by ethanol. Following ethanol withdrawal, electrographic and behavioral monitoring was continued for 8--10 h. The withdrawal of ethanol resulted in the time-dependent appearance of a variety of withdrawal signs including tail arching, ataxia, rigidity, tremor and spontaneous and audiogenic convulsions. These behavioral signs were accompanied by the development of epileptiform abnormalities across wide-spread brain regions. Analysis of preconvulsive spike activity revealed a greater spike frequency in limbic, mesencephalic and non-specific diencephalic regions, as compared to those in cortex and specific diencephalon. Seizure discharge during the tonic-clonic phase of the primary audiogenic convulsion was initiated in the mesencephalon or amygdala, but spread rather extensively to the remainder of the brain. In those instances, however, where multiple convulsions occurred following the audiogenic convulsions, there was a marked decline in spread of seizure discharge to the cortex. These results were interpreted to support the notion that some degree of neuroanatomical specificity exists in the genesis of epileptiform abnormalities during ethanol withdrawal. A comparison of these results with those studying the neural mechanisms underlying other forms of generalized epilepsy was made. It is hypothesized that central pacemaking regions such as medial thalamus or reticular formation may serve to organize isolated epileptiform activity into coherent patterns of paroxysmal activity throughout the brain during the ethanol withdrawal syndrome.
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PMID:Ethanol dependence in the rat: role of non-specific and limbic regions in the withdrawal reaction. 8 50

A virus isolated from the CSF of a patient who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for 7 years, and prolonged pleocytosis in the CSF, was adapted to suckling mouse brain by subsequent serial blind passages. This Schu virus belongs to the tick-borne encephalitis complex of the genus Flavivirus (Togaviridae). Suckling mouse brain homogenate of the 13th passage was used for transmission experiments in various species of laboratory animals. Golden hamsters infected subcutaneously fell ill after a number of months, lost weight, and had paresis of the legs. Histologically they had petechial hemorrhages in different parts of the CNS and inflammatory changes in the gray substance of the spinal cord. Pilot studies with repeated inoculations of small doses of different flavivirus strains suggest a course of the disease in experimental animals which resembles slow-virus infections insofar as no encephalitis is produced and degenerative changes of the anterior horn cells prevail over inflammatory signs in the spinal cord. After intracerebral application of Schu virus, cynomolgus monkeys developed the typical lesions of togavirus panencephalitis with epileptic seizures, ataxia, and paresis. After subcutaneous application, the virus seems to spread along peripheral nerves to anterior spinal roots and spinal cord, where mainly motor neurons of the anterior horn are damaged, and from there to the brain. The histological findings are such that one may assume the disease of the patient was due to the infection with the virus isolated from his CSF. Therefore, the hypothesis may be advanced that at least some of the cases diagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are due to a togavirus infection.
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PMID:Attempts to reproduce amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in laboratory animals by inoculation of Schu virus isolated from a patient with apparent amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 8 63

The clinical features in 2 second cousins with neuronopathic Gaucher disease include slowly progressive ataxia, spasticity, myoclonus, and seizures with relative preservation of intellectual function. Organomegaly was noted only in Patient 1. Both patients had diffuse slowing with paroxysmal features in electroencephalograms and a deficiency of beta-glucosidase activity in leukocytes and skin fibroblast cultures. The parents of Patient 1 and the related father of Patient 2 had levels of beta-glucosidase activity consistent with the carrier state for Gaucher disease. The value of beta-glucosidase activity in the mother of Patient 2 suggests a different mutation, the result being a defective enzyme component not detectable by measuring total activity.
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PMID:Clinical variation in 2 related children with neuronopathic Gaucher disease. 9 23

The anticonvulsant potency and neurological toxicity of two new catalytic inhibitors of GABA-transaminase have been assessed in acute experiments in baboons with a natural syndrome of photic epilepsy. gamma-Acetylenic GABA, 160--200 mg/kg, or gamma-vinyl GABA, 450--950 mg/kg, intravenously, gave complete protection against generalised myoclonus or seizure responses induced by photic stimulation (in baboons without or with priming with subconvulsant doses of allylglycine). The protection became maximal 1--3 h after injection, and continued for 7--24 h. Signs characteristic of the acute toxicity of anticonvulsant drugs (nystagmus and ataxia) were not seen. The potential use of these compounds in human epilepsy deserves investigation.
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PMID:Blockade of epileptic responses in the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio, by two irreversible inhibitors of GABA-transaminase, gamma-acetylenic GABA (4-amino-hex-5-ynoic acid) and gamma-vinyl GABA (4-amino-hex-5-enoic acid). 10 Aug 12

Two adult Ashkenazi Jewish siblings have had slowly progressive deterioration of gait and posture since early childhood, distal to proximal muscle atrophy, pes cavus, foot drop, spasticity, mild ataxia of limbs and trunk, dystonic features, and dysarthria. Vision and optic fundi are normal, verbal intelligence is stable, and no seizures have occurred. The sister of the patients died at 16 years of age with the same illness. Autopsy showed diffuse neuronal storage, predominating in subcortical areas, consisting of membranocytoplasmic bodies, zebra bodies, and complex lamellar structures. GM2 ganglioside was increased in her brain. Hexosaminidase A was decreased in serum and leukocytes of the living patients, and was in the range for carriers of Tay-Sachs disease in their parents. The disease found in this family represents a new, more indolent variant of GM2 gangliosidosis.
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PMID:Adult (chronic) GM2 gangliosidosis. Atypical spinocerebellar degeneration in a Jewish sibship. 17 70

Of 488 children with central nervous system neoplasms, 43 (8.8%) had glioblastomas, 22 of which were in the cerebral hemispheres, 16 in the brain stem, two in the cerebellum, and three in the spinal cord. The male to female ratio was 3:2. Glioblastoma multiforme of the cerebral hemispheres occurred at a mean age of 12.7 years, and the frontal lobe was the most commonly involved. Main presenting symptoms included headache (85%), nausea or vomiting (65%), and seizures (35%). Papilledema (45%) was the most common physical finding. The longest survivals were achieved by a combination of operation and radiation (22 months). Brain stem glioblastomas occurred at a mean age of 6.7 years, with the pons as the most frequent site. Nausea or vomiting (50%) and headache (36%) were the main presenting symptoms; the major physical findings were ataxia (43%), cranial nerve palsies (28%), and paresis (28%). The length of survival was greatest with radiation alone (10.5 months). The period of survival of children with glioblastoma multiforme was significantly increased with steroid therapy. Glioblastoma multiforme behaves similarly in children and adults. Intracranial glioblastomas have a more rapidly fatal course than that of other similarly situated gliomas in childhood.
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PMID:Glioblastoma multiforme in children. 17 31

Institutionalized epileptic patients on long-term anticonvulsant diphenylhydantoin (DPH) therapy were examined clinically. DPH plasma levels were unexpectedly high in 54% despite rather poor seizure control. No patient was free from side effects, which included gingival hypertrophy (90% of patients), increased alkaline phosphatase activity (55%), suggestion of a sensory peripheral neuropathy (34%), central nervous system (CNS) intoxication (22%), coarsened facial features (19%), tendency to bleed excessively (15%), hirsutism (12%), and mild megalocytic anemia (5%). CNS intoxication correlated with high plasma DPH levels, reports of deteriorating behavioral and motor performance, and the findings of nystagmus on vertical gaze or truncal ataxia, though not all patients with high plasma levels were clinically intoxicated. Alarming were the often disfiguring changes of gums and facial structures and the tendency to develop signs of vitamin D deficiency secondary to therapy. Hirsutism was rare in black patients. Plasma DPH level determinations are recommended as part of the management of mentally retarded epileptic patients but do not replace clinical acumen and skill.
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PMID:Effects of diphenylhydantoin in 41 epileptics institutionalized since childhood. 19 Jul 7


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