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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A hyperactive mentally retarded patient receiving clozapin and other major tranquilizers had an unexpected seizure. The EEG revealed severe pathological patterns which disappeared after discontinuation of clozapin and could be reproduced as a function of clozapin medication. Other major tranquilizers had no particular effects. This study demonstrates how we determined whether clozapin or other major tranquilizers had seizure-promoting effects in a particular patient.
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PMID:[EEG changes during clozapin administration compared to other neuroleptic agents. Controlled case study in a particular patient]. 3 38

A 26-year-old woman developed seizures and psychiatric disorders after having been in coma with encephalitis for a protracted period at age 11. Seizures were psychomotor, minor motor, and major motor with auras of fear, panic, and olfaction. The patient hallucinated, had paranoid ideas, was depressed, and attempted suicide. Medical and psychiatric treatment with anticonvulsants and tranquilizers was ineffective. Depth and surface EEG recordings revealed bilateral discharge abnormality in temporal, frontal, and thalamic areas. Lesions were placed in the temporal and orbitofrontal area bilaterally for the psycho-motor-psychic seizures and in the left thalamus for the minor motor seizure. The seizures were relieved without the incapacitating complications that occur with standard lobotomy and temporal lobe resection. Improvement of the psychic component of the seizures is believed due to interrupting seizure discharging circuitry in the temporal and frontal areas. The term temporofrontal seizures is proposed for the anatomic designation of psychomotor-psychic seizures.
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PMID:Psychomotor-psychic seizures treated with bilateral amygdalotomy and orbitotomy. 124 59

The interaction of two tranquilizers, the 1,5-benzodiazepine clobazam (CBZ, Frisium) and the non-benzodiazepine etifoxin (Hoe-36,801) hydrochloride (EFX, 6-chloro-2-ethylamino-4-methyl-4-phenyl-4H-3,1-benzoxazine HCl) was investigated for anticonvulsant activity in mice. Corresponding experiments were performed with the antiepileptic drug sodium valproate (VPA). Tonic-clonic (maximal) seizures were induced by maximal electroshock (MES; 12 mA, 200 ms) and clonic (threshold) seizures by pentetrazol (PTZ; 85 mg/kg s.c.). The addition of an anticonvulsant threshold dose of EFX (50 mg/kg p.o.) led to an increase of CBZ's potency against both MES- and PTZ-seizures by 410 or 450%, respectively. Under the same conditions, EFX enhanced the potency of VPA only by 20 or 80% and a threshold dose of VPA (100 mg/kg p.o.) enhanced the potency of CBZ by 110 or 0%, respectively. It is concluded that this potentiation of CBZ's anticonvulsant activity by EFX may be beneficially used in epileptic patients either to increase CBZ's antiepileptic effects or to reduce CBZ's therapeutic doses in order to prevent or delay the development of resistance.
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PMID:Potentiation of clobazam's anticonvulsant activity by etifoxine, a non-benzodiazepine tranquilizer, in mice. Comparison studies with sodium valproate. 309 54

Major tranquilizers as well as antidepressant agents have been associated with clinical seizures in patients administered these agents. The incidence of such seizures is generally low when these drugs are administered in therapeutic doses. However, administration of large doses of these agents has been associated with many cases of convulsion production. The effects that these drugs have on animal models of epilepsy have been examined. It appears that the phenothiazines act as convulsant agents at lower doses, whereas, at higher doses, they act as anticonvulsant drugs. Antidepressants, on the other hand, appear to exert an anticonvulsant effect at low doses and convulsant effects at high doses. The mechanism by which these agents alter the seizure threshold is not yet known. Clinically, drugs of lower seizure production potential should be substituted for those drugs with greater potential in treating epileptic patients for psychiatric ailments. The problem of sudden death in epileptic patients is one that must be confronted. Sudden death has most frequently been attributed to autonomic dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmia in these patients. The contribution of stress in sudden death production also must be taken into account. In addition, some psychoactive agents have been associated with sudden death as well as cardiac arrhythmia and seizure production. Thus, in light of the possible additivity of the factors involved in the production of sudden death, the administration of a psychoactive agent to an epileptic patient should be approached with caution. Those agents that do not alter cardiac rhythm or seizure threshold should be administered if a psychoactive agent is deemed necessary for the management of psychiatric illness in the epileptic patient.
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PMID:Psychoactive agents, seizure production, and sudden death in epilepsy. 331 6

The derivatives of GABA and beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) the tranquilizer phenibut and muscle relaxant baclofen (p-chloro-beta-phenyl-GABA, lioresal) diminished all studied effect of PEA in mice, namely seizures, sedation, excitation, hyperthermia. Diazepam diminished only seizures whereas haloperidol excitation and hyperthermia. PEA injections anatogonized (the sedative and hypothermic effects of phenibut and diazepam and the anticonvulsant (against l-kynurenine) effect of phenibut and baclofen. The role of antagonism to PEA in the mechanism of the antianxiety effect of tranquilizers is discussed.
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PMID:[Differences and similarity in the interaction of fenibut, baclofen and diazepam with phenylethylamine]. 404 64

After a discussion of the various basic problems concerning the application of psychopharmacological drugs in children and adolescents, paradoxical reactions and interactions of some psychopharmaca are considered. Stimulantia can especially cause disturbances of growth and as a paradoxial reaction the increase of hypermotoric behaviour. Neuroleptics may lead to tardive dyskinesia, to interactions with hypotensors and occasionally to epileptic seizures. As to tricyclic antidepressive it is known that they can cause interactions with hypotensors and thyroid hormones, as well as paradoxical aggressive reactions. In connection with tranquilizers paradoxical reactions as anxiety and agitation as well as the so-called paradoxical rage reaction could be observed. Combinations of antiepileptica and psychopharmaca should only be used if there is no other possibility for adequate treatment. After all, the field of indications of psychopharmacological drugs in children and adolescents seems to be rather narrow.
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PMID:[Paradoxical reactions and interactions of psychopharmaca in children and adolescents (author's transl)]. 610 21

Due to the risk of seizures and other potentially life threatening complications, it has been accepted practice to detoxify patients addicted to sedative-hypnotics or minor tranquilizers in an in-patient setting. Using the procedures for patient selection and management described below, we have been able to detoxify as out-patients approximately two-thirds of 69 patients who were found to be in need of detoxification. Out-patients experienced no serious complications during or immediately following detoxification and were not significantly less likely than in-patients to complete treatment. We present here some guidelines which will assist practitioners in identifying patients who are appropriate for out-patient detoxification and describe approaches to patient management that have proven effective.
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PMID:Out-patient detoxification of patients addicted to sedative-hypnotics and anxiolytics. 612 12

Menstruation may cause many difficulties in the care of mentally retarded women. We have applied the low-dose endometrial after-loading irradiation method for the termination of menstruation of such persons. So far, we have studied 29 women during the period 1970-1978. Twenty-two of them had earlier received gestagen treatment for the same purpose. The radiation dose was chosen in such a way that the dose in the endometrium was 14 Gy, giving an ovarian dose of about 4 Gy. One treatment gave a cessation of menstruation in 22 patients and two had minor flow with no clinical inconvenience, but five required a repeated irradiation. The hormonal changes after radiotherapy were found to be minor. The need for tranquilizers did not change. There were some changes in the frequency of epileptic seizures, possibly due to the termination of gestagen treatment, which has antiepileptic effects. The care of four of the 21 in-patients became so much easier after radiotherapy that they could be transferred to home care.
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PMID:Therapeutic amenorrhoea induced by endometrial irradiation technique in mentally retarded women: neuropsychiatric aspects. 716 31

The case records of 20 horses with tetanus referred to the Ontario Veterinary College-Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1970 and 1990 were reviewed. The fatality rate was 75%. There was a strong association with previous vaccination and survival (P = .03). Most of the animals had been injured an average of 9 days (range 2 to 21 days) prior to development of clinical signs. Hyperesthesia and prolapse of the third eyelid were the most common clinical signs. Treatment regimens varied during hospitalization; however, all horses received parenteral penicillin, tranquilizers, tetanus toxoid, and antitoxin. Five of the nonsurviving animals were given intrathecal tetanus antitoxin. One animal had seizures as a complication of intrathecal treatment. The prognosis was best for horses that (1) had been vaccinated prior to the injury, (2) responded to the phenothiazine tranquilizers, and (3) did not rapidly (over 24 to 48 hours) become recumbent. Considering the species susceptibility, potential for contaminated wounds, and the increased survival of vaccinated horses, yearly revaccination is recommended.
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PMID:Tetanus in the horse: a review of 20 cases (1970 to 1990). 804 76

Thirty-seven male alcoholics admitted electively for detoxification were randomized to treatment with either diazepam or propranolol. Subjects were comparable both in age and in duration and quantity of alcohol consumed. Admission laboratory parameters did not distinguish between the groups. Eleven subjects required no medication to control withdrawal signs/symptoms. Both groups showed improvement in blood pressure, pulse, and withdrawal tremor. None of the subjects randomized to diazepam manifested withdrawal seizures or hallucinations. By contrast, one subject in the propranolol group had a single withdrawal seizure. Another subject manifested increasing withdrawal that required parenteral paraldehyde treatment. Thus, this study confirms that a significant number of subjects admitted electively for alcohol withdrawal can be managed without medication. Minor tranquilizers still remain the "gold standard" for management of the withdrawal syndrome.
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PMID:Propranolol versus diazepam in the management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome: double-blind controlled trial. 819 30


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