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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 100 consecutive adults who came to a sleep disorders center complaining of repeated nocturnal injury, polysomnographic study identified five disorders: night terrors/sleepwalking (N = 54), REM sleep behavior disorder (N = 36), dissociative disorders (N = 7), nocturnal seizures (N = 2), and sleep apnea (N = 1). Ninety-five patients sustained ecchymoses, 30 had lacerations, and nine had fractures. DSM-III axis I disorders (past or current) were found in 48.1% of the group with night terrors/sleepwalking and in 30.6% of the group with REM sleep behavior disorder; these were mainly affective disorders. In these two groups, clonazepam controlled the symptoms of 51 of the 61 patients to whom it was given.
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PMID:A polysomnographic and clinical report on sleep-related injury in 100 adult patients. 276 74

The objective of the study was to determine whether contemporary feline models of petit mal (systemic penicillin epilepsy) or temporal lobe epilepsy (amygdala kindling) resemble human seizure disorders with respect to disturbances of sleep and waking states, the state dependency of seizures, and transference of seizure susceptibility. These variables were examined in 6-h polygraphic recordings before and during exposure to both seizure models in 24 cats; 12 cats had intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 300,000 or 400,000 IU/kg of penicillin prior to kindling, and 12 were kindled before penicillin challenge. Results were as follows. First, penicillin increased light slow wave sleep (SWS) and drowsiness, during which spike-wave (SW) activity was maximal. Generalized tonic-clonic convulsions (GTCs) occurred predominantly in drowsiness after awakening from SWS. Second, kindling produced more deep SWS than did penicillin; susceptibility to kindled GTCs peaked during deep SWS, especially in transition to rapid eye movement sleep (REM). Third, penicillin did not influence subsequent sleep disorders or seizure susceptibility during kindling; kindling interfered with penicillin-induced GTCs, SW activity, and sleep disorders. Collectively, the findings suggest distinct state disorders and state-dependent seizure profiles in the two models. These differences parallel human analogues and may have contributed to the transference results. Kindling is a chronic model with persistent sleep and seizure abnormalities that differ from and may have discouraged penicillin epilepsy. Penicillin is an acute model with transient state and seizure disorders, a fact that may account for the absence of penicillin transference to kindling.
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PMID:Differences between two feline epilepsy models in sleep and waking state disorders, state dependency of seizures and seizure susceptibility: amygdala kindling interferes with systemic penicillin epilepsy. 311 27

The restless legs syndrome is generally benign but is occasionally associated with anemia, metabolic disorder, or polyneuropathy. Leg restlessness with disruptive nocturnal myoclonus has been described as a sleep disorder. We report two patients with complex partial and secondarily generalized seizures, who developed restless legs while taking methsuximide and phenytoin. They had no evidence of metabolic disturbance or neuromuscular disease, although one patient had fragmented sleep and disruptive myoclonus on polysomnography, and leg restlessness subsided with change of antiepileptic drugs. These symptoms could reflect transient alteration in peripheral nerve function not evident by examination or electrophysiologic studies, sleep disturbance by antiepileptic drugs or the effects of temporal lobe seizure foci on perception of the physiologic state of nerves and muscles.
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PMID:Restless legs with antiepileptic drug therapy. 314 64

Acquired movement disorders in children can present a diagnostic dilemma. Chorea, dystonia, and atypical seizures must be distinguished from simple or complex tics. The combination of chronic motor and vocal tics, Tourette syndrome, may in some children be associated with thought and behavioral disorders, sleep disturbances, headaches, and school difficulties (e.g., attention deficit disorder). The increasing numbers of children recognized as having Tourette syndrome, its broadening clinical spectrum and frequent familial nature are detailed in this review.
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PMID:Diagnosis of Tourette syndrome in childhood. The need for heightened awareness. 346 98

Sleep disorders in amygdala-kindled cats differ according to the sleep or waking state in which seizures occur and the time lapse between seizures and polygraphic recordings. Twelve-hour polygraphic recordings were initiated at the following times: (i) before kindling (N = 8 cats); (ii) just after kindled convulsions during waking, slow-wave sleep (SWS), rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS), or in transition from SWS to REMS (N = 8 cats per state), and (iii) 24 h after state-specific seizures (N = 8 cats per state). Rapid onset SWS and delayed REMS occurred in records started immediately after seizures in waking, SWS, or REMS; in contrast, seizures during transitions from SWS to REMS produced early onset REMS and SWS. Finally, records begun 24 h after seizures always revealed prolonged sleep onset and generalized sleep suppression regardless of the state in which seizures occurred. The timing of seizures and of polygraphic recordings may explain discrepancies in the literature on the type of sleep disorders seen in secondary generalized temporal lobe epilepsy.
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PMID:Sleep disorders in kindled cats differ according to the timing of polygraphic recordings and of seizures in the sleep-wake cycle. 355 8

Nocturnal head banging or body rocking often occurs in childhood in relation to sleep, and is generally considered a developmental or behavioral disorder. A few cases of jactatio nocturna have been considered manifestations of sleep disorder, and an analogy to somnambulism and pavor nocturnus has been suggested. We observed episodes of jactatio nocturna in a patient with global encephalopathy and frontal lobe dysfunction after closed head injury, and successfully treated these with imipramine. Sleep disorders are increasingly recognized after head injury; jactatio nocturna must be differentiated from post-traumatic seizures, and may represent partial or defective arousal during light non-REM sleep, analogous to the parasomnias of deeper sleep and possibly representing dysfunction of frontal arousal mechanisms.
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PMID:Jactatio nocturna after head injury. 370 99

This study replicated and extended previous work indicating a reciprocal relationship between persistent sleep disorders and seizure susceptibility in amygdala-kindled cats. Eight kindled cats (experimental group) and six nonkindled cats (control group) were assessed for several sleep and waking state parameters. Seizure susceptibility, indexed by thresholds to generalized afterdischarge and tonic-clonic convulsions, was also evaluated in experimental subjects during each of the following states: alert but quiet wakefulness, slow-wave sleep, transitions from slow-wave to REM sleep, and REM sleep. There were two primary findings: (i) slow-wave sleep and transitions from it to REM sleep were disrupted in amygdala-kindled cats whereas REM sleep was normal when an effective transition had been made; and (ii) disturbed states were also more susceptible to generalized seizures than were stable REM sleep and waking episodes, suggesting that abnormal rather than normal sleep created a predisposition for seizures.
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PMID:State disorders and state-dependent seizures in amygdala-kindled cats. 370 36

One of the main advantages of long-term recording of epileptics is the possibility to monitor these patients during natural sleep. In this chapter, we first describe the reciprocal influence of sleep and epilepsy. On the one hand, sleep and circadian fluctuation of the state of vigilance have a marked influence on the occurrence of generalized and partial seizures as well as on the frequency, morphology and distribution of interictal epileptic discharges. On the other hand, a wide range of sleep disturbances has been documented in epileptics and there is some evidence that sleep disturbance and epilepsy may aggravate and perpetuate one another. Long-term EEG monitoring during sleep is of major importance when investigating epileptics with nocturnal attacks to determine whether these nocturnal episodes represent an ictal manifestation or an independent non-epileptic sleep disorder. In special forms of epilepsy, sleep recording is not only useful but necessary for the diagnosis. Various activation procedures are carried out on patients in whom there is diagnostic uncertainty regarding the presence or the type of epilepsy. Some of these procedures employ sleep: namely sedated sleep, sleep after sleep deprivation and all-night sleep recording. The diagnostic value and the indications of these activation studies are reviewed.
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PMID:Sleep and epilepsy. 392 61

Sleep deprivation enhances seizure susceptibility in experimental and human epilepsies. Because sleep abnormalities are also common in these populations, a possible explanation for this close association is that sleep deprivation activates seizures by enhancing existing sleep disturbances. The present experiment examined this hypothesis by comparing sleep-waking state percentages and the number of after-discharge-eliciting stimulations required to induce generalized tonic-clonic convulsions with the amygdala kindling model of epilepsy in 3 groups of cats (n = 5 each). One group consisted of experimental subjects who received bilateral lesions of the basal forebrain, a preoptic area long implicated in the generation of normal sleep state characteristics. A second group sustained unilateral lesions of the basal forebrain area. Since only bilateral destruction of this region produces sleep-waking cycle abnormalities, this group provided a lesion control. Finally, a third group had no lesion and provided a control which allowed normative assessment of sleep state patterns and seizure susceptibility in otherwise unmanipulated cats. The results were: cats without lesions showed a parallel development of seizure and sleep disorders, the latter indexed by progressive SWS and REM sleep deficits; cats with unilateral lesions showed identical trends in the development of sleep and seizure anomalies; and cats with bilateral lesions of basal forebrain displayed similar but more severe sleep disturbances than those evidenced by control subjects and also required fewer after-discharge stimulations to establish kindled convulsions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Sleep disruption with basal forebrain lesions decreases latency to amygdala kindling in cats. 620 6

Kindling is traditionally viewed as a chronic, focal epilepsy model which consistently induces complex partial seizures from limbic structures in animals. This study revealed that primary or exceedingly rapid secondary generalized seizures could also be kindled when stimulation was applied to the lateral geniculate nucleus, a thalamic region involved in sleep regulation and possibly also photosensitive epilepsy. Two experiments were conducted in cats. Experiment 1 compared the development of generalized tonic-clonic convulsions and associated sleep disorders following electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus (N = 4) and the amygdala (N = 4). Experiment 2 described the effects of intermittent light stimulation on seizure thresholds in both groups. Three primary findings distinguished the epileptogenic process in those two brain regions. First, generalized electroencephalographic and clinical seizures accompanied the first afterdischarge obtained with thalamic stimulation. In contrast, focal seizures with secondary generalization appeared during a 3- to 4-week period of afterdischarge elicitations from the amygdala. Second, amygdala-kindled cats showed fewer sleep spindles during slow-wave sleep whereas cats kindled in the lateral geniculate nucleus had abnormal sleep spindles approaching spike wave-like activity. Third, only the latter cats showed reduced seizure thresholds in response to photic stimulation. Based on the anatomic substrates involved, the clinical and electrographic profiles observed during kindling and the type of sleep disturbance shown, we concluded that lateral geniculate nucleus kindling may represent primary generalized epilepsy, possibly of a photosensitive nature; alternatively, the rapid propagation of abnormal discharge was also consistent with the important role of the thalamus in secondary seizure generalization.
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PMID:Thalamic kindling: electrical stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus produces photosensitive grand mal seizures. 643 40


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