Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Gabapentin was studied as an open-label 'add-on' antiepileptic drug in 35 patients with partial seizures. Follow-up at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months is reported. There was a trend toward improvement in simple (SPS) and complex partial seizures with it reaching significance for SPS at 12 and 24 months and for the weighted combination of seizures at 3 months. Five of nine patients were subsequently successfully converted to gabapentin monotherapy. Of those five, one is now seizure free and three are significantly improved since baseline. One remains with unchanged seizure frequency compared to baseline, but is experiencing less toxicity than at that time. This long-term observation suggests that the short-term effect demonstrated in blinded studies continues and that indeed some patients with refractory epilepsy can be maintained on gabapentin alone. Based on these findings, double-blind monotherapy trials of this drug are presently being conducted.
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PMID:Long-term treatment with gabapentin for partial epilepsy. 146 1

1) CZP had marked effects on RD. RD disappeared in 8 (73%) of 11 patients treated with CZP alone and 6 (43%) of 14 treated with CZP in combination with other drugs. Even when RD persisted, its amplitude and frequency decreased in some patients. 2) In the group treated with CZP in combination with other drugs, RD disappeared in all 5 patients with the persistent RD, of whom 2 had arachnoid cyst. Of the 6 patients with frequent seizures, 2 were subsequently diagnosed as having CPS and SPS, respectively. Patients who did not respond to CPZ included those in whom the diagnosis of BECCT should be reconfirmed, and electro-clinical response may be also useful for diagnosing RD. 3) In patients treated with CZP alone for a short-term treatment of BECCT, the drug administration could be discontinued only in one. A longer follow-up study is necessary to reach a conclusion in future.
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PMID:The effects of clonazepam on rolandic discharge of benign epilepsy of children with centro-temporal EEG foci. 176 50

C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mice display behavioral arrest, similar to generalized absence seizures. Compared with the parent strain C57BL/10Bg SPS/SPS, the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, E. C. 2.6.1.15), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-T, E. C. 2.6.1.19), aspartate aminotransferase (ASP-T, E. C. 2.6.1.1), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, E. C. 1.4.1.3) in whole brain crude supernatant were significantly reduced in the sps/sps mice. Alanine aminotransferase activity (ALA-T, E. C. 2.6.1.2), was not altered in any of the strains, and normalization of GAD, GABA-T and GDH activities by that of ALA-T, further revealed significant differences between the normal strain (SPS/SPS), the heterozygotes (SPS/sps), and behavioral arrest (sps/sps) mice. These results suggest the possible involvement of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the absence-like behavior displayed by sps/sps mice. Open field behavior of C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mice is characterized by periods of marked inactivity which easily distinguish affected homozygotes, from their heterozygotes littermates.
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PMID:The C57BL/10Bg sps/sps mouse: a mutant with absence-like seizures; neurochemical and behavioral correlates. 239 34

1. The links between behavioural state, gross electrophysiology and the activity of neurons and astrocytes are reviewed to stimulate interest in the contributions that glia make to behaviour. 2. Behavioural arousal in which neuronal responsivity ("sensitivity") is elevated is also associated with a sustained (0.5-10 sec) potential shift (SPS). 3. There is powerful and accumulating evidence that the SPS is primarily of glial origin. 4. In epilepsy neurons are hyperactive and there is a massive SPS during seizures. In seizure free periods, epileptic animals frequently have elevated arousal responses and increased neuronal sensitivity, indicating that seizures may be due to elevation of the activity of a normally adaptive sensitizing mechanism. 5. The common finding of an astrocytic pathology in epilepsy and the links between arousal, neuronal sensitization, SPSs and seizures implicates a modulatory role for astrocytes in both health and disease. 6. Glia, especially astrocytes, may modulate neuronal responsiveness by regulation of the microenvironment. 7. At the current state of knowledge, regulation of extracellular ionic K+, Ca2+ and neurotransmitter glutamate and GABA seem to be the most important candidates for modulating neuronal sensitivity in arousal and abnormally for seizure genesis. 8. Both in phylogeny and in ontogeny, glia and neurons have intimate associations. 9. The functional astrocytic syncitium is in a prime position to control the ecology of neuronal populations and thereby their activity. 10. The physiology and biochemistry of glia-neuronal interactions offers exciting new prospects for developments in behavioural neuroscience.
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PMID:Do glia contribute to behaviour? A neuromodulatory review. 257 39

The data emerging from our study are the following: the presence of an identifiable cause is important: complications like tuberous sclerosis or signs of marked cerebral damage represent an adverse risk factor for IE. The presence of epilepsy among relatives, evidence of pre- or perinatal cerebral damage, mental retardation, and early onset, long periods of uncontrolled seizures before starting an adequate therapy and frequency of seizures appear to be indicative of an adverse prognosis, since differences between the two groups of responsive or unresponsive patients are statistically significant. On the contrary, the occurrence of febrile convulsions in the past history does not seem to have an adverse prognosis. Temporal lobe epilepsy and IS bear the worst prognosis. ME, CPS, GTCS, SPS, LGS and PM have a progressively better outcome in responsiveness to AEDs. Concerning therapy in patients with IE, studies indicate the results of high dose monotherapy appear to be equal or better than with polypharmacy. Because of the gravity of the situation, trials with unconventional drugs have been performed, but it is too early to draw definite conclusions about the long-term usefulness of most of them. In conclusion, our data indicate that the appearance of an IE can be predicted utilizing the above mentioned criteria, considered either alone or in combination. The issue of IE remains undoubtedly an important one among the group of convulsive disorders. Further studies considering a greater number of patients and new therpeutic strategies are to be recommended.
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PMID:Intractable epilepsy: etiology, risk factors and treatment. 329 46

A 33-year-old right-handed woman had intractable simple and complex partial seizures (SPS, CPS) that began with global aphasia. EEG closed-circuit TV (EEG-CCTV) monitoring with sphenoidal electrodes showed left inferomesial temporal ictal onset of CPS. Subdural electrodes were implanted over the left frontotemporal convexity, subtemporally and subfrontally. Stimulation of the basotemporal cortex produced global aphasia. A posterolaterotemporal language area was also identified. Spontaneous SPS had focal onset in the basal temporal language area (BTLA). Ictal discharges did not involve the posterotemporal region. This case shows that aphasic speech arrest at seizure onset may be due to seizure discharge in the basotemporal region and that the BTLA is clinically relevant in seizure semiology.
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PMID:Global aphasia with seizure onset in the dominant basal temporal region. 792 55

A house-to-house, cross-sectional, population study of epilepsy on 24,130 individuals of all ages from southern Pakistan indicates an age-specific prevalence rate of 9.99 in 1,000 (14.8 in 1,000 in rural and 7.4 in 1,000 in urban areas) for recurrent, nonfebrile "active" epilepsy in Pakistan. Mean onset of epilepsy was 13.3 years, and 74.3% epileptic persons were aged < 19 years at onset of the disorder. The most common seizure type was tonicclonic in 77% [primary generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) in 59% and secondarily generalized in 18%], simple partial (SPS) in 5%, complex partial (CPS) in 6%, generalized absence in 1%, tonic in 3%, and myoclonic in 3% cases. Multiple seizures types in the same person were evident in 9.6% of only the generalized group. A putative cause could be suggested in 38.4% of cases: 32% had a positive family history of epilepsy, most common among siblings. Common perceived precipitants included fever in 29.2% and emotional disturbances in 16.6%. Only 3% of epileptic persons believed that their illness was due to super-natural causes. Treatment status was very poor, with only 2% rural and 27% urban epileptic persons receiving antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) at the time of the survey. We discuss the logistic and management problems of population-based epidemiologic studies in developing countries.
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PMID:Epilepsy in Pakistan: a population-based epidemiologic study. 792 66

We conducted a retrospective longitudinal self-controlled study of 124 adult patients treated with resective surgery for medically uncontrolled partial epilepsy from 1949 to 1988. Approximately 65% of the patients experienced > 95% reduction in seizure frequency, and 75% had worthwhile improvement of at least 75% seizure reduction. Significant reductions were noted in all major seizure types treatable with resective surgery; complex partial (CPS), simple partial (SPS), and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTC) (all p < 0.05). Tissue pathology and region of resection did not provide significant information with respect to seizure outcome. EEG in the first postoperative year was an important predictor of long-term seizure outcome (p = 0.03). One third of the temporal lobe resected patients had neurologic deficits as a consequence of the resection as compared with 14% of patients with frontal resections (p = 0.03). One third of the deficits among the temporal lobe resected patients were considerable, with possible social implications. Half of the patients with preoperative focal spike activity had a normal EEG postoperatively. One fifth of patients maintained their preoperative epileptic focus after the operation, and about one fifth displayed new foci. Approximately one fourth of the patients were free of medication for a median of 16 years postoperatively, and 60% of patients who were seizure-free were still receiving medication. There was no operative mortality, but the late mortality, as expected, was higher than that of the general population. Two male patients (1.6%) committed suicide.
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PMID:Surgical treatment for partial epilepsy among Norwegian adults. 802

We conducted a cross-sectional epidemiological study to assess the prevalence and patterns of epilepsy in a small rural village of Guatemala (population 2,111); 1,882 subjects (97.3%) were surveyed. By adminIstering the World Health Organization (WHO) standard questionnaire and performing neurological examinations, we detected 16 cases of epilepsy. The crude prevalence rate for this community was 8.5 in 1,000 general population for this form. The most common type of seizure was generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS, 50%), followed by complex partial seizures (CPS, 37.5%), simple partial seizures (SPS, 6.2%) and generalized atonic seizures (6.2%). The age-specific prevalence ratio was highest among the group aged 20-29 years, although the difference between that group and the other age groups was not statistically signifICant (z<2, P>0.05). Fourteen persons (87.5%) had sought medical care for their seizures at least once in their lifetime, 5 (31.25%) were receiving an antiepileptic drug (AED), and 9 (56.25%) had previously received treatment and 2 (12.5%) had never been treated for their illness. Phenobarbital was the most common AED prescribed; 7 persons had positive family history of epilepsy, 5 reported a history of significant head trauma, 4 had history of central nervous system disease, and 1 had a history of chronic alcohol intake.
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PMID:Prevalence of epilepsy in a rural community of Guatemala. 860 43

We evaluated the prognostic value of the EEG in 120 seizure-free epileptic patients (49 with complex partial seizures with or without episodic secondarily generalization [CPS], 20 with simple partial seizures with or without episodic secondarily generalization [SPS], 51 with only secondarily generalized seizures [PSG] during and after antiepileptic drug withdrawal. All patients had EEG examination before; during; and 3, 12, 24, and 36 months after drug withdrawal. Relapse rates were 45% in CPS, 100% in SPS, and 65% in PSG. Before reduction, 36 patients had epileptiform EEG and 69% relapsed; in the group with normal EEG, 60% relapsed. EEG worsened in 36 patients, 83% relapsed, whereas only 54% of patients with unchanged EEG relapsed. EEG during but not at the start of drug withdrawal has a prognostic value in partial epilepsy.
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PMID:The prognostic value of the electroencephalogram in antiepileptic drug withdrawal in partial epilepsies. 959 37


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