Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Observations by health-care professionals suggest that the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) may be associated with lethal complications, but this has not yet been confirmed by controlled epidemiological studies. Here, we investigated the diagnoses (in the Swedish patient care records) and mortality rate among patients who tested positively for the presence of AAS (n = 248) in connection with receiving medical care. Patients who had tested negatively (n = 1215) were used for comparison. The proportions of patients who had received institutionalized care for substance abuse, psychiatric disorder or central thoracic pain were significantly higher in the AAS-positive subjects (RR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-4.2; RR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.4-3.2 and RR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1-10.9, respectively). Furthermore, unspecified convulsions were highly over-represented in the AAS-positive group (RR = 53.9, 95% CI = 7.0-415.7) and one of these patients died during a seizure. The standardized mortality ratios (SMR) in the AAS-positive patients and -negative patients were 20.43 (95% CI = 10.56-35.70) and 6.02 (95% CI = 3.77-9.12), respectively. The relatively higher SMR in the AAS-positive patients was observed irrespective of what type clinic had referred the patients for AAS testing. In conclusion, use of AAS appears to be an indicator of increased risk for premature death in several categories of patients. However, the nature of the association between AAS and premature death remains unclear and additional research on this question is urgently required.
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PMID:Morbidity and mortality in patients testing positively for the presence of anabolic androgenic steroids in connection with receiving medical care. A controlled retrospective cohort study. 1612 36

There was described and discussed a case of methadone maintenance participant, former polydrug abuser, who has received a standard treatment with bupropion SR for smoking cessation. Because of substance abuse in the past, eeg was monitored. Treatment was successful: patient stays abstinent since 5 months, neither seizures nor worsening of eeg were observed.
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PMID:[Bupropion in cigarettes smoking cessation by former polydrug user participating in methadone maintenance programme]. 1652 70

The rate of prescribing of stimulant medication for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been progressively increasing in countries such as the USA and Australia. In the short term, stimulant medication is effective in reducing the symptoms of ADHD and appears well tolerated with relatively minor side effects. In the long term, much of the benefit of stimulant medication disappears after medication is ceased. Studies have demonstrated only marginal improvements in adult outcomes following a period of treatment in childhood. This may be owing to the beneficial effects being masked by the variability of the condition, the developmental changes in symptomatology that happen with maturation and the substantial influence of social and environmental factors. Stimulant medication may give some protection against later substance abuse. Stimulant medication may slightly elevate the blood pressure and possibly increase susceptibility to seizures and to tics and Tourette syndrome. Starting treatment with stimulant medication is usually associated with weight loss and a transient slowing of the height velocity, although it is believed that most children catch up during puberty. No studies were found that listed strokes or heart attacks as potential or actual complications, although one individual from a group of normal controls died suddenly of cardiac arrest in adolescence. It would appear that the medical complications associated with amphetamine addiction are not relevant to the therapeutic use of stimulant medication in the treatment of ADHD, although there is limited information on extended periods of treatment lasting 10 years or more.
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PMID:Long-term outcomes of stimulant medication in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. 1662 54

Abnormalities of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, substance abuse and seizure disorders. The NMDA receptor is implicated in schizophrenia because phencyclidine (PCP), a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, binds to a hydrophobic domain within the channel, precipitating a schizophreniform psychosis in susceptible persons. Pharmacological, environmental, and genetic variables alter NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission. Inbred mouse strains differ in their sensitivity to some of the behavioral effects of MK-801 (dizocilpine), a PCP analogue. The NMDA receptor complex in the BALB/c strain could reflect a unique stoichiometric combination of receptor subunits resulting in a higher proportion of the channels in the open configuration, a higher affinity of MK-801 for its hydrophobic channel domain, and/or a combination of the above. The BALB/c mouse strain, "stressed" mice, and behavioral consequences of MK-801 administration represent models of altered glutamatergic neural transmission. We were interested in examining the effect of stress on the modulatory properties of d-serine and sarcosine. d-Serine is a naturally occurring glycine agonist that modulates the ability of l-glutamate to influence the opening of the NMDA receptor-associated ionophore, and sarcosine is a naturally occurring glycine reuptake inhibitor. The data suggest that 24h after stress, d-serine and sarcosine interact synergistically to reduce MK-801's ability to antagonize electrically precipitated tonic hindlimb extension. Under conditions of stress, modulatory effects of d-serine and sarcosine on the antiseizure effect of MK-801 are observed that are not apparent in the nonstress condition. The results could be relevant to the development of glycinergic interventions for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Modulatory effects of d-serine and sarcosine on NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission are apparent after stress in the genetically inbred BALB/c mouse strain. 1671 29

Tramadol as a centrally acting analgesic is extensively used in the management of moderate to severe pain. It slightly affects opioid receptors and inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrin and serotonin in the CNS. There are reports about toxicity and abuse of tramadol. The objective of the present study was to evaluate epidemiology of intentional tramadol intoxications. All poisoning cases that admitted to Loghman-Hakim Hospital Poison Center from April to May 2007 were studied. A total of 114 cases (82 men and 32 women) of intentional tramadol intoxications with the median age of 23.66 +/- 6.87 years (range 16-54 years) were identified. Other illicit drugs were found to be used in combination with tramadol in some of the cases, which among them benzodiazepines were the most common. Tramadol overdose has been one of the most frequent causes of drug poisoning in the country in the recent years, especially in male young adults with history of substance abuse and mental disorders. Nausea, vomiting, Central Nervous System (CNS) depression, tachycardia, and seizure are the most common findings in this kind of poisoning. Cardiopulmonary arrest was found as the cause of death in cases who had ingested more than 5000 mg tramadol.
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PMID:Tramadol intoxication: a review of 114 cases. 1865 Feb 51

Depression and suicide tendencies are common in chronic diseases, especially in epilepsy and diabetes. Suicide is one of the most important causes of death, and is usually underestimated. We have analyzed several studies that compare mortality as a result of suicide in epileptic patients and in the general population. All the studies show that epileptic patients have a stronger tendency toward suicide than healthy controls. Moreover it seems that some kinds of epilepsy have a higher risk for suicide (temporal-lobe epilepsy). Among the risk factors are surgery therapy (suicide tendency five times higher than patients in pharmacological therapy), absence of seizures for a long time, especially after being very frequent, and psychiatric comorbidity (major depression, anxiety-depression disorders, personality disorders, substance abuse, psychoses). The aim of the review was to analyze the relationship between suicide and epilepsy, to identify the major risk factors, and to analyze effective treatment options.
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PMID:Epilepsy and suicide: pathogenesis, risk factors, and prevention. 1872 42

Life-time prevalence of epileptic seizures was assessed in 626 consecutive patients treated for substance abuse. Seizures were reported in 8.63% (9.2% in alcohol abusers, 12.5% in opioid abusers). A total of 64.8% of the seizures were associated with substance use. These occurred during withdrawal in the alcohol cohort and during intoxication with dextropropoxyphene and withdrawal from heroin or poppy husk in the opioid cohort. Results indicate that seizures may be more common in older patients with longer duration of dependence among those abusing alcohol.
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PMID:Prevalence and correlates of epileptic seizure in substance-abusing subjects. 1949 1

Epilepsy is a chronic condition that may be associated with several other diseases. In these cases, we should consider the following points: (1) antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment may positively or negatively affect comorbid disease, (2) drugs used for treatment of co-morbid disease may influence seizure threshold, (3) AED toxicity can be affected by a comorbid condition and (4) co-administration of AEDs with drugs used for treatment of comorbid conditions can be associated with clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. In this article, we discuss problems that are usually encountered when an appropriate AED treatment has to be selected in newly diagnosed epileptic patients who also have (an)other neurological disease(s). Comorbidity of epilepsy with cerebrovascular diseases, dementias, mental retardation, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, brain tumours, infections of the CNS, migraine, sleep disturbances (obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome), substance abuse and multiple sclerosis is discussed.
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PMID:Neurological comorbidity and epilepsy: implications for treatment. 1952 25

Rhabdomyolysis is a rare but potentially life-threatening disorder. The long list of known risk factors includes trauma, drug intoxication, alcoholism, hyperpyrexia, vascular occlusion, infections, electrolyte imbalances, heat intolerance, seizures, severe exertion, and substance abuse. Exercise-induced muscle damage is commonly experienced after physical activity, and different studies showed that the amount of protein consumed seems to affect its magnitude. In this regard, some concern has been raised about vegetarian athletes. We present a case of rhabdomyolysis that occurred in a young athlete following a poorly planned vegetarian diet. The athlete experienced progressive weakness and intermittent muscle aches particularly in the legs, malaise, episodic tachycardia, and nausea. Serum creatine kinase was markedly elevated (9952 units/liter), and a mild alteration of transaminase values was observed. The patient was hydrated intravenously and recovered fully within 5 days. The controlled introduction of a planned amount of protein in the diet allowed the athlete to carry on with his sporting activity fully without any further muscle problems. Physical exercise mainly engages the muscular system, and a balanced diet is essential to ensure the energy demands and the anabolic response. A vegetarian diet per se is not associated with detrimental effects in athletes, but an optimal protein intake should be achieved through careful planning with an emphasis on protein-rich plant foods.
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PMID:Rhabdomyolysis in a young vegetarian athlete. 1966 78

Bupropion is a unique antidepressant with noradrenergic and to a lesser extent dopaminergic effects. These have led investigators to explore bupropion's efficacy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, which are believed to be related to aberrations in catecholamines. An expanding body of research has demonstrated bupropion's efficacy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorders over the lifespan. Despite early reports of seizures in select samples, bupropion is generally well-tolerated. While stimulants remain the first-line pharmacological treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, bupropion offers promise as a medication that treats not only attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, but also common comorbid disorders, including unipolar and bipolar depression, anxiety and substance abuse.
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PMID:Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity and comorbid disorders. 1981 Aug 43


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