Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The patient first noticed general muscle stiffness at the age of 36. Two years later, she suffered from a tonic-clonic seizure which brought her to a hospital for the first time. Choreoathetoid movement, ataxia and cognitive deficit were apparent. At the age of 44, tonic-clonic seizures became more frequent and she was admitted to our hospital as being status epilepticus. After the cessation of clinical seizures, she became appllic. Gradual increase of atrophic changes in cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem were observed by MRI and CT. Hematological study showed that she had abnormal hemoglobin, Hb Takamatsu. Four of her five children were clinically examined; all of them showed abnormal EEG findings; three being mentally retarded and had clinical generalized convulsive seizures; two had hemoglobinopathy (Hb Takamatsu). The patient died from sepsis at the age of 50 and the autopsy was carried out. The brain weighed 930 gram. Histological findings confirmed the diagnosis of dentato-rubro-pallido-luysian atrophy; neuronal loss accompanied by gliosis in dentate nuclei, red nuclei, lateral part of globus pallidus, and subthalamic nuclei. The coincidence of the hereditary traits of two independent diseases, DRPLA and familial hemoglobinopathy (Hb Takamatsu) suggests closeness of their genetic loci.
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PMID:[A familial case of DRPLA diagnosed by an autopsy associated with hemoglobinopathy (Hb Takamatsu)]. 825 33

Factors associated with left-handedness were examined in a large sample of adults who suffered with epileptic seizures (n = 446) in an attempt to delineate the concept of pathological left-handedness. Three main pathological factors were found associated with left-handedness: (i) right-hemiparesis of early onset; (ii) cognitive deficit; (iii) evidence of left-hemisphere disease on clinical examination. Familial sinistrality was also associated with left-handedness, independently of the above-mentioned pathological factors. Results support a clear-cut distinction between normal and pathological left-handedness. This distinction seems presently important for the evaluation of the great number of anomalies proposed to be associated with left-handedness.
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PMID:Pathological left-handedness. Left-handedness correlatives in adult epileptics. 829 88

In general terms, epileptic patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) show mnesic deficits. In the case of medically intractable epilepsy (around 20%) the neurosurgery intervention is a widely accepted treatment. The cognitive effects of surgery have been reported in last years; they emphasize the mnesic positive changes of contralateral area. In the same sense they have reported a negative change on mnesic modality in ipsilateral area. This paper present a study in which the mnesic deficits of twenty eight pharmaco resistant epileptic patients have been evaluated and followed up. These patients have been submittes to a surgical treatment at the Epilepsy Surgical Unit of the Hospital de La Princesa (Madrid). The assessment pre and postoperative tested six months apart. The most common cognitive deficit affect bimodally to mnesic functions: so in the verbal as in the visospatial modality. This deficit correlated with the years epilepsy. Meanwhile, the following up study indicates that a relevant numbers of these patients show an improvement in the function of the contralateral hemisphere with respect to the area surgically treated. This finding probably is the consequence of seizure free.
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PMID:[Memory disorders in epileptic patients. A study of pre-postsurgical follow-up]. 914 36

A. Digital EEG is an established substitute for recording, reviewing, and storing a paper EEG record. It is a clear technical advance over previous paper methods. It is highly recommended. (Class III evidence, Type C recommendation). B. EEG brain mapping and other advanced QEEG techniques should be used only by physicians highly skilled in clinical EEG, and only as an adjunct to and in conjunction with traditional EEG interpretation. These tests may be clinically useful only for patients who have been well selected on the basis of their clinical presentation. C. Certain quantitative EEG techniques are considered established as an addition to digital EEG in: C.1. Epilepsy: For screening for possible epileptic spikes or seizures in long-term EEG monitoring or ambulatory recording to facilitate subsequent expert visual EEG interpretation. (Class I and II evidence, Type A recommendation as a practice guideline). C.2. OR and ICU monitoring: For continuous EEG monitoring by frequency-trending to detect early, acute intracranial complications in the OR or ICU, and for screening for possible epileptic seizures in high-risk ICU patients. (Class II evidence, Type B recommendation as a practice option). D. Certain quantitative EEG techniques are considered possibly useful practice options as an addition to digital EEG in: D.1. Epilepsy: For topographic voltage and dipole analysis in presurgical evaluations. (Class II evidence, Type B recommendation). D.2. Cerebrovascular Disease: Based on Class II and III evidence, QEEG in expert hands may possibly be useful in evaluating certain patients with symptoms of cerebrovascular disease whose neuroimaging and routine EEG studies are not conclusive. (Type B recommendation). D.3. Dementia: Routine EEG has long been an established test used in evaluations of dementia and encephalopathy when the diagnosis remains unresolved after initial clinical evaluation. In occasional clinical evaluations, QEEG frequency analysis may be a useful adjunct to interpretation of the routine EEG when used in expert hands. (Class II and III evidence as a possibly useful test, Type B recommendation). E. On the basis of current clinical literature, opinions of most experts, and proposed rationales for their use, QEEG remains investigational for clinical use in postconcussion syndrome, mild or moderate head injury, learning disability, attention disorders, schizophrenia, depression, alcoholism, and drug abuse. (Class II and III evidence, Type D recommendation). F. On the basis of clinical and scientific evidence, opinions of most experts, and the technical and methodologic shortcomings, QEEG is not recommended for use in civil or criminal judicial proceedings. (Strong Class III evidence, Type E recommendation). G. Because of the very substantial risk of erroneous interpretations, it is unacceptable for any EEG brain mapping or other QEEG techniques to be used clinically by those who are not physicians highly skilled in clinical EEG interpretation. (Strong Class III evidence, Type E recommendation).
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PMID:Assessment of digital EEG, quantitative EEG, and EEG brain mapping: report of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. 922 9

Anticonvulsant effects of phenytoin (PHT) and valproate (VPA) were studied alone and in combination with nimodipine (NMD) against maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in rats. PHT and VPA induce cognitive deficit in terms of long-term memory loss. The effect of NMD on the cognitive deficit induced by PHT and VPA was studied through the step-through passive avoidance test (PAT). It was seen that there was a potentiation of antielectroshock effect of PHT and VPA when NMD at a dose of 4 mg/kg was combined with PHT or VPA. NMD reversed the long-term memory loss induced by PHT and VPA in the PAT.
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PMID:Effect of nimodipine on the cognitive dysfunction induced by phenytoin and valproate in rats. 954 19

From Jan. 1993 to Sept. 1995 23 patients suffering from brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma were treated with the Leksell Gamma Knife at the University of Vienna. At the time of diagnosis 13 patients had single and 10 patients presented with multiple metastatic lesions with a total of 44 metastases in MRI scans. Median tumour volume was 5500 cmm (range 100-24000 cmm). Predominant neurological symptoms and signs were different forms of hemiparesis, focal and generalized seizures, cognitive deficit, headache, dizziness, ataxia and CN XII paresis. Fourteen patients received Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) with a median dose of 22 Gy (range 8-30 Gy) at the tumour margin. Nine patients underwent a combined treatment of a radiosurgical boost with a median dose of 18 Gy (range 10-22 Gy) at the tumour margin followed by Whole Brain Radiotherapy (total dose 30 Gy/2 weeks). In 20 patients tumour volume reduction up to 30% of the primary tumour volume was found after 4 weeks, evaluated on CT or MRI. A total remission was seen in 4 cases 3 months after GKRS. We achieved a local tumour control of 96%. Rapid neurological improvement after GKRS was seen in 17 patients. The median survival time was 11 months; the one-year actual survival in this unselected group was 48%. Five long term survivors were still alive, 18 patients had subsequently died, 15 of them of general tumour progression. GKRS induces a significant tumour remission accompanied by rapid neurological improvement and therefore provides the opportunity for extended high quality survival. Neither local tumour control was improved nor CNS relapse free survival was prolonged significantly by additional WBRT.
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PMID:Gamma-knife radiosurgery for brain metastases of renal cell carcinoma: results in 23 patients. 975 21

We evaluated prospectively the HIV-1 RNA level in CSF as a marker of HIV encephalitis diagnosis. 110 HIV-1 infected patients (mean age: 39 years; sex-ratio M/F: 94/16) were tested for HIV-1 RNA in plasma and CSF. Lumbar punctures were performed to explore cognitive deficit, seizure or fever. HIV encephalitis was diagnosed in 15 patients (14%), other CNS disease in 34 (31%), and fever without CNS disease in 61 (55%). HIV-1 RNA was detectable in 93% of the plasma and in 62% of the CSF. No significant difference was observed in CSF HIV-1 RNA between patients with or without HIV encephalitis. CSF HIV-1 RNA was correlated with plasma HIV-1 RNA (p < 0.01), CSF protein (p < 0.01) and CSF white cell counts (p < 0.01). The absence of any significant difference between patients with or without HIV encephalitis, suggests that the CSF HIV-1 RNA level is not a good marker for its diagnosis.
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PMID:[Clinical importance of the quantification of HIV-1 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of HIV encephalitis]. 976 75

Digital EEG (DEEG) and quantitative EEG (QEEG) are recently developed tools present in many clinical situations. Besides showing didactic and research utility, they may also have a clinical role. Although a considerable amount of scientific literature has been published related to QEEG, many controversies still subsist regarding its clinical utilization. Clinical applications are: 1. DEEG is already an established substitute for conventional EEG, representing a clear technical advance. 2. Certain QEEG techniques are an established addition to DEEG for: 2a) screening for epileptic spikes or seizures in long-term recordings; 2b) Operation room and intensive care unit EEG monitoring. 3. Certain QEEG techniques are considered possible useful additions to DEEG: 3a) topographic voltage and dipole analysis in epilepsy evaluations; 3b) frequency analysis in cerebrovascular disease and dementia, mostly when other tests have been inconclusive. 4. QEEG remains investigational for clinical use in postconcussion syndrome, learning disability, attention disorders, schizophrenia, depression, alcoholism and drug abuse. EEG brain mapping and other QEEG techniques should be clinically used only by physicians highly skilled in clinical EEG interpretation and as an adjunct to traditional EEG work.
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PMID:[Guidelines for recording/analyzing quantitative EEG and evoked potentials. Part II: Clinical aspects]. 1034 40

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SR) is being used with increasing frequency in the treatment of brain metastases. This study provides data from a clinical experience with radiosurgery in the treatment of cases with multiple metastases and identifies parameters that may be useful in the proper selection and therapy of these patients. From January 1993 to April 1997, 97 patients (43 women and 54 men; median age 58 years) suffering from multiple brain metastases (median 3; range 2-4) in MRI scans, received SR with the Gamma Knife. The median dose at the tumor margin was 20 Gy (range 17-30 Gy). Median tumor volume was 3900 cmm (range 100-10,000). Different forms of hemiparesis, focal and generalized seizures, cognitive deficit, headache, dizziness and ataxia had been the predominant neurological symptoms. Major histologies included lung carcinoma (44%), breast cancer (21%), renal cell carcinoma (10%), colorectal cancer (8%), and melanoma (7%). The median survival time was 6 months after SR. The actual one-year survival rate was 26%. In univariate and multivariate analysis, a higher Karnofsky performance rating and absence of extracranial metastases had a significantly positive effect on survival. Local tumor control was achieved in 94% of the patients. Complications included the onset of peritumoral edema (n = 5) and necrosis (n = 1). SR induces a significant tumor remission accompanied by neurological improvement and, therefore, provides the opportunity for prolonged high quality survival. We conclude that radiosurgical treatment of multiple brain metastases leads to an equivalent rate of survival when compared to the historic experience of patients treated with whole brain radiotherapy. Patients presenting initially with a higher Karnofsky performance rating and without extracranial metastases had a median survival time of nine months. Each such case should therefore be evaluated based on these factors to determine an optimal treatment regimen.
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PMID:Prognostic factor analysis for multiple brain metastases after gamma knife radiosurgery: results in 97 patients. 1042 Oct 75

Epilepsy in infancy, far from being a condition in which only convulsive phenomena occur, also has important cognitive and behavioral components, which may be more important than the epileptic seizures itself. The psychological repercussions of epilepsy are the sum of various factors due to the epilepsy itself, the treatment given, the side-effects of drugs given and the manner in which the patient copes with his illness. The epilepsy itself shows the effect of the causal lesion, lesions associated with this causal lesion and the immediate and long-term effects of the resulting paroxystic discharges. The most significant manifestations are: attention disorders, problems of social relationships and problems of conduct. Treatment and diagnosis should not be limited to treatment of the crises. In all epileptic children neuropsychological assessment should be directed towards the detection and surveillance of the most common problems. This has a considerable effect on the quality of life of the epileptic patient. In cases of benign idiopathic epilepsies, which occur most frequently in childhood, evaluation of conduct using Achenbach's questionnaire (CBCL) may be sufficient, together with assessment of the ability to pay attention on Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of intellectual capacity using the WISC-R or K-ABC scales.
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PMID:[Psychological manifestations of epilepsy in childhood]. 1077 3


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