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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twelve cases of Lennox syndrome were treated with a ketogenic diet with medium chain triglycerides during an average period of five months. All the cases were resistant to drug treatment. In five cases seizures disappeared, in five the frequency decreased and two remained without changes. The alertness improved in seven cases. Electroencephalographic records did not show any important improvement. The diet was generally well tolerated and it only had to be discontinued in one case.
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PMID:[Treatment of lennox syndrome with medium chain triglycerides (author's transl)]. 9 16

In this report 52 patients meeting the criteria of centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal (10) at the beginning of petit mal are included. The results of clinical and encephalographic follow-up examinations are as follows: 1) The type reported here apparently has a petit mal course with peculiar characteristics, it therefore must be separated from Lennox syndrome: centrencephalic myoclonicastatic petit mal, pyknolepsia, bilateral myoclonus (impulsive petit mal). It should file under generalized primary petit mal epilepsy. 2) It is primarily defined by its EEG marker: "centrencephalic" EEG pattern (irregular and/or regular spike-wave groups, photosensibility and abnormal theta- and/or delta-rhythm). Rarely (33%) minor cerebral organic lesions as additional pathogenetic factors are uncovered by clinical and electroencephalographic examinations. 3) The clinical picture is characterized, aside from myoclonic and/or astatic seizures, by frequent absences (80%), rare tonic seizures (6%), petit mal status (25%) and mostly generalized grand mal seizures (62%). 4) There are changes of the course of the disease to Lennox syndrome (N = 6) in in children suffering from marked cerebral organic lesions at the onset of petit mal and in development of severe epilepsy. 5) Least favorite markers with respect to prognosis are concomitant grand mal seizures (p = 0,05), petit mal status (p = 0.008), additional 2/sec spike wave-pattern (spike wave Variant) in the EEG (p = 0.002) and previous seizures with focal signs. Favourite outcome of epilepsy are frequently connected to missing cerebral organic lesions (p = 0.05).
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PMID:[Centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal. Clinical and electroencephalographic long-term follow-up study in 52 patients (author's transl)]. 9 76

Mogadon as a parenteral solution was employed for treating status epilepticus (15 cases), intermitent epileptic seizures (10 cases), Lennox syndrome (14 cases), myoclonic seizures (5 cases) and absences (6 cases). The dosage layed between 3,3 mg and 10 mg according to each individual case. Status epilepticus and intermitent seizures disappeared following the injection and so did the irritative EEG alterations. Remission was observed in 10 Lennox cases while the remaining 4 improved. Mogadon abolished myoclonic seizures, in some cases beyond 6 hours. In simple absence improvement was also evident, although more shortlived than in myoclonic seizures. Sleepiness was side-effect, occurring in some cases.
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PMID:[Intravenous mogadon in epileptic patients. Clinico-electroencephalographic study]. 11 52

EEG findings and the course of epileptic seizures in two patients with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten Spielmeyer Vogt syndrome) are presented. Both patients, during the course of disease, developed therapy resistant epileptic reactions with myoclonicastatic seizures. These seizures in connection with diffuse encephalopathy and EEG pattern with 2.5 to 3.5/sec slow-spike-wave meet the criteria of the Lennox syndrome. Pathogenetic questions regarding possible additional genetic predisposition for epileptic seizures are discussed. Since therapeutic effect of different medications is uncertain hormonal therapy may be considered.
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PMID:[Myoclonic-astatic seizures (Lennox syndrome) in the course of juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis (M. Batten-Spielmeyer-Vogt) (author's transl)]. 21 38

Thirty cases of intractable epilepsy in children were investigated to observe the correlation between the suppression of seizure discharges to intravenous diazepam and the type of seizure or effects of subsequent therapy. Suppression of seizure discharges were bilaterally poor in 75% of the cases with infantile spasms and 89% of cases with Lennox syndrome and other generalized seizures while it was unilaterally poor in 80% of the cases with focal or unilateral seizures. ACTH or steroid therapy was clinically and electroencephalographically effective in 80% of the cases with good suppression responses and in none of cases with good suppression that was resistant to the therapy. On the other hand, clinical seizures were not controlled in 73% of the cases showing poor suppression and EEG did not reveal improvement in 82% of the cases with poor suppression. EEG with intravenous diazepam is valuable for understanding the pharmacophysiological mechanism of epilepsy and it may be possible to select cases as candidates for ACTH or steroid therapy using this technique.
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PMID:Diagnostic and prognostic significance of electroencephalography with intravenous diazepam in epilepsy. 22 55

In 45 cases of Lennox syndrome treated with ACTH, the immediate and long-term effects and the various factors affecting them were investigated by a follow-up study. 1) Regarding the immediate effect, 23 (51.1%) of the 45 cases became "seizure free" for over 10 days. 2) As to the long-term prognosis of these 23 cases, 10 cases relapsed into Lennox syndrome within 6 months and in the remaining 13 cases, seizures were suppressed for over 6 months; out of these 13, seizure relapse was observed in eight cases from 9 months to 7 years later, and the other five cases followed a very favorable course without relapse. 3) The favorable factors related to the effect of ACTH for Lennox syndrome are: a) age at ACTH treatment: up to 4 years old, b) time lag between onset of Lennox syndrome and initiation of ACTH treatment: the shorter the better; at least within 1 year, preferably within 3 months, c) presumptive causes and underlying diseases: idiopathic cases are best, d) mental defects before treatment: the slighter the better, e) seizure patterns: without tonic seizures, and f) EEG findings: disorganized diffuse slow spike-waves without asymmetry. 4) It is desirable to continue the ACTH treatment as long as possible, with the goal of the disappearance of seizure discharges, or at least the disappearance of diffuse seizure discharges.
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PMID:Treatment of the Lennox syndrome with ACTH: a clinical and electroencephalographic study. 23 37

In a double-blind crossover trial valproate was compared with phenobarbital with regard to anticonvulsive activity and tolerance in 17 epileptic children (mean age 55 +/- 26 months) with Lennox syndrome. Valproate in association with a phenobarbital dose reduced by about 40% proved to be to a statistically significant degree more active against epileptic seizures than phenobarbital alone. No difference in the effect on the EEG tracings was observed. Valproate appeared to be somewhat more active than phenobarbital with regard to behaviour, but the difference was not significant. Tolerance to both products was equally good.
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PMID:[Double-blind study on the anti-convulsive effect of phenobarbital and valproate in the Lennox syndrome]. 34 69

Interrupting petit-mal status in infantile myoclonic seizures (n = 11), Lennox syndrom (n = 32), and in myoclonicastatic petit mal (n = 13) diazepame (Valium) and clonazepame (Rivotril) have been injected intraveneously in 56 patients during continuous EEG monitoring (38 patients with diazepame, 18 patients with clonazepame) (Table 1). A judgement according to the EEG findings and the apparent vigilance was performed thirty minutes after the injection was completed (Fig. 1 und 2; Table 3). Following results are presented: 1) There are no significant differences between clonazepame and diazepame with respect to therapeutic success (Table 3). 2. There are almost no differences concerning therapeutic success in the three forms of petit-mal status listed above (Table 3). 3) The initial success was 57%: 46% in infantile myoclonic seizures, 56% in Lennox syndrome, 70% in myoclonic-astatic petit-mal. The number of relapses for all forms was high: On the day following the injection only 18% of all patients did not show continued petit-mal-status: 18% in infantile myoclonic seizures, 15% in Lennox syndrome, 23% in myoclonicastatic petit mal (Table 3). 4) 13 patients were no longer in a status on the following day. 3 children were out of status spontaneously, independent from the intravenous application, 4 patients, one with infantile myoclonic seizures and 3 with Lennox syndrome, showed a focal EEG, 6 patients, 2 with infantile myoclonic seizures, 3 with Lennox syndrome, 4 with myoclonic-astatic petit mal, were further demonstrating generalised paroxysms (Fig. 1 und 2). 5) In infantile myoclonic seizures and in the Lennox syndrome almost always a focal EEG could be seen that accompanied the decrease of generalised paroxysms (hypsarrhythmia or 2/sec slow wave and spike). This finding has not been seen in the myoclonic-astatic petit mal, another sign that the latter is of primary generalised, "centrencephal" origin in contrast to the first two forms of convulsive disorders (Fig. 1, 2).
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PMID:[Intraveneous therapy of petit mal status with diazepame and clonazepame (author's transl)]. 40 24

Neuropathological considerations were performed on a case, who went into Lennox syndrome after an acute encephalopathy at the infantile period, and moreover who fell into an akinetic-mute state derived from brain damage by herniation caused by a head injury and subsequent status epilepticus. Neuropahtological background in the present case of Lennox syndrome is thought to be based on the widespread unilateral cerebral lesions and the basal ganglional, especially thalamic, degenerations derived secondarily from the diffuse cerebral damage. The patient revealed akinetic mutism with the disappearance of the epileptic seizures and the desynchronization of the EEG's, when the brain lesions formed at the adult period spread over the opposite hemispheric limbic system and the brain stem tectum.
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PMID:Neuropathology of secondary generalized epilepsy--(Lennox-Gastaut syndrome)--a case report. 65 45

Immediate EEG changes after intravenous administration of clonazepam and a correlation between the EEG changes and the effect of oral administration of the drug were studied in 21 children with minor seizures whose interictal EEG showed a paroxysmal abnormality. In 13 cases of infantile spasms whose EEG showed hypasrhythmia, paroxysmal discharges were completely or remarkably suppressed in 4 cases, partially suppressed in 3 cases, but not improved in 6 cases. Suppression bursts pattern was less improved. In 5 cases of Lennox syndrome, paroxysmal discharges were markedly improved in 3 cases. In a case of petit mal absence, parxoxysmal discharges were completely suppressed. In all 5 cases whose EEGs were completely improved, paroxysmal discharges reappeared 7 to 30 min after the intravenous injection. In 2 out of the 5 cases, paroxysmal discharges became severer at reappearance than before the injection. Among 12 cases whose EEG showed an improvement after the intravenous injection, their clinical seizures were improved in 9 cases, but the clinical effect was mostly transient. In the majority of the cases whose EEGs were not improved, no clinical effect was observed. There was a highly significant correlation between immediate EEG changes and clinical effect of clonazepam (p less than 0.02 by the chi-square test).
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PMID:Immediate changes of the electroencephalograms after intravenous injection of clonazepam and their relation to its effect on clinical fits in children with minor seizures. 69 24


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