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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A patient with primary reading epilepsy is reported. Her daughter has major and minor seizures and shows pattern- and photosensitivity. Both have discharges during reading. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Is reading epilepsy inherited? 550 74

The experimental evidence that indicates that alterations in neurotransmitter activity exacerbate or diminish seizure responses to intermittent light stimulation in the Papio papio model of epilepsy is reviewed. Studies of the effects of drugs known to modify the synthesis, storage release, or activity of known or putative neurotransmitters are included. Catecholamines, to a lesser extent the indolamine, serotonin, and the inhibitory transmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid all alter seizures as do less well understood intrinsic hormones and pentapeptides. The anticonvulsant profile of the model is briefly reviewed. It is concluded that there is as yet no concrete evidence of an intrinsic deficit in any of the neurotransmitters to which the genetic photosensitivity of this model can be attributed.
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PMID:Evidence for neurotransmitter abnormalities related to seizure activity in the epileptic baboon. 614 26

VEPs to checkerboard pattern-reversal were recorded from 18 epileptic patients who had EEG photoparoxysmal responses to stroboscopic light. Patients were grouped according to whether seizures were precipitated by environmental light stimuli, or television viewing. Longitudinal studies were conducted on 8 patients treated with valproic acid. We concluded the following: (1) Latency of the major positive peak (P2) of the pattern-reversal VEP was shorter among photosensitive patients than among normal controls. This was especially true of television-sensitive patients. (2) Valproic acid, when effective in controlling seizures, lengthened the P2 latency and decreased VEP amplitude. Studies of drug effects on VEPs may help to elucidate neurochemical mechanisms of the visual cortex. (3) Because of overlap of values with normals, VEP measurements are not at present very sensitive in the diagnosis of photosensitivity. However, longitudinal studies in individuals parallel clinical changes and may be useful as objective measures of improvement.
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PMID:Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in photosensitive epilepsy. 620 Mar 6

The anticonvulsant action of various aporphine derivatives that act on dopamine receptors has been investigated in two genetically determined animal models--DBA/2 mice with sound-induced seizures and baboons Papio papio with photically-induced seizures. Protection against the clonic and tonic phases of the seizures response in DBA/2 mice was seen for 15-60 min after (-)2,10,11-trihydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (1.25 mg/kg) and (-)10,11-methyl-enedioxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (0.625-1.25 mg/kg) and for 30-60 min after (-)2,10,11-trihydroxyaporphine (31.25 mg/kg). Short-lasting protection (up to 30 min) was seen following (-)2,10,11-trihydroxy-N-ethyl-noraporphine (1.25-6.25 mg/kg). Changes in audiogenic seizure susceptibility were accompanied by piloerection, ptosis and loss of spontaneous locomotor and exploratory behaviour. No protection was seen after (-)norapomorphine (0.05-18.75 mg/kg). All the compounds (including norapomorphine) significantly lowered rectal temperature, although the time course of this effect was often longer than that of protection against audiogenic seizures. In baboons, marked reductions in photomyoclonic responses were seen following (-)10,11-methylenedioxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (0.25 mg/kg, lasting up to 2h); (-)2,10,11-trihydroxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (0.5-2.5 mg/kg, lasting up to 7 h); (-)2,10,11-trihydroxyaporphine (5 mg/kg, duration of action 1-4 h) and (-)2,10,11-trihydroxy-N-ethylnoraporphine (6.25 mg/kg, lasting 2 h). Little change in responsiveness followed administration of (-)norapomorphine 1.25 or 6.25 mg/kg. Changes in photosensitivity were accompanied by yawning and pupil dilatation. (-)10,11-Methylenedioxy-N-n-propylnoraporphine (0.5-6.25 mg/kg) was also administered orally in baboons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Comparative assessment of dopamine agonist aporphines as anticonvulsants in two models of reflex epilepsy. 641 43

Twelve patients with benign juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (BJME) representing 4% of our population of epileptics (n = 275) are presented. Only two patients (17%) had myoclonic jerks as the only seizure type. Seven (58%) had generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) and myoclonus. Three patients (25%) had absence seizures (AS), GTCS, and myoclonic jerks. Electroencephalographic evidence of photosensitivity was found in four (33%). Auditory precipitation of seizures was found in one patient. As is the case with other primary generalized epilepsies, the onset of BJME seems to be age specific. In our series the mean age of onset in years was 4.3 for AS, 14.75 for myoclonic jerks, and 16.4 for GTCS. It took an average of 8.5 years from the onset of BJME (range, 2-20 years) and 6.5 years from the onset of GTCS (range, 2 months-6 years) until the condition was properly recognized. Five patients experienced at least one episode of myoclonic status epilepticus. Generalized, paroxysmal, symmetric polyspike and slow wave discharges are the typical EEG finding. These complexes, however, showed considerable interpatient variability. Sleep deprivation proved to be the most valuable activating procedure. Valproic acid monotherapy effectively controlled myoclonic jerks as well as associated GTCS in most patients.
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PMID:Some clinical and EEG aspects of benign juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. 642 Jan 45

Three baboons, Papio cynocephalus, (two photosensitive and one nonphotosensitive) were subjected to amygdaloid kindling. Electroclinical profile of seizure development-developed seizure compares very favourably to that described in photosensitive baboons, Papio papio, with rapid seizure progression and ultimate emergence of Stage 5 bisymmetrical and bisynchronous generalized convulsive state. In addition, one baboon developed spontaneous recurrent seizures which were identical to the kindled Stage 5 seizure. It is concluded that the state of exceptional seizure susceptibility observed in Papio papio is shared by Papio cynocephalus, although photosensitivity and kindled generalized convulsion appear to be independent variables.
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PMID:Amygdaloid kindling in Papio cynocephalus and subsequent recurrent spontaneous seizures. 653 30

Twenty-two patients with absence seizures and other seizure types were treated with valproic acid and followed up for 1 year. Results were excellent with more than 75% improvement in 80% of patients with absence seizures, in 40% of those with tonic-clonic seizures, in all of those with myoclonic seizures, and in 43% of those with partial seizures. Fifty-seven percent of the patients had more than a 75% reduction in the total number of paroxysmal spike-wave discharges, and 62% had more than a 75% reduction in the number of spike-wave discharges lasting longer than 3 seconds. Photosensitivity and activation by hyperventilation decreased. More patients achieved good EEG control in 1 year than in 10 weeks.
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PMID:Clinical efficacy and long-term effects of valproic acid therapy on spike-and-wave discharges. 676 86

Twenty children (15 males and 5 females) suffering from a particular type of myoclonic epilepsy were submitted to a longitudinal study. All children were neurologically normal. Familial antecedents existed for epilepsy in 25% of the cases (5/20) and for febrile convulsions in 15% (3/20). The first fit appeared with fever at the mean age of 6 months in all cases but one of clonic type. Frequent similar febrile or afebrile clonic seizures recurred in all subjects before the age of 12 months. At this time the EEG was normal in 14 cases and brief discharges of generalized spike-waves during ILS or during sleep were present in 6 cases only. Later, frequent non-febrile clonic unilateral or generalized fits, frequent atypical 'absences' often accompanied by jerks, high photosensitivity and non-epileptic erratic myoclonias appear. Nevertheless, atomic and/or tonic seizures did not appear. The evolution is characterized by the persistence of fits and the appearance of severe language disorder and light cerebellar and pyramidal signs. The authors present their results and discuss the nosological problems of this severe infant myoclonic epilepsy.
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PMID:[Severe infant myoclonic epilepsy (author's transl)]. 680 12

A 23-year-old man presented with a history characterized by a myoclonic syndrome developing over a period of seven years. Predominant symptoms were intention and activity myoclonus, generalized epileptic seizures occurring infrequently from the age of 20, a slowly progressive cerebellar syndrome first apparent at 19 years, and the sudden onset of loss of visual acuity at 19, which then partially regressed; optic atrophy and clinical and campimetric signs were suggestive of Leber's disease. Intellectual ability was not affected. E.E.G. records showed generalized spike-waves with photosensitivity, progressive reduction in basal rhythm, and sleep organization disturbances with focal abnormalities. Obvious clinical signs of muscle disease were lacking but muscle biopsy confirmed the presence of a mitochondrial myopathy (ragged-red fibers). An indefinite history of familial neurological disease was obtained. Diagnosis was established as myoclonic cerebellar dyssynergy with spastic hereditary ataxia and Leber's disease. Their association with a mitochondrial myopathy has been previously reported by Tsairis et al, Fukuhara et al, Fitzimons et al (familial case), and Niedermeyer et al (sporadic case). In spite of the non-specific nature of associated mitochondrial abnormalities, all these cases would appear to correspond to a single nosological entity.
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PMID:[Spinocerebellar degeneration, optic atrophy, epilepsy, myoclonus and mitochondrial myopathy: a case report (author's transl)]. 681 Apr 37

There are few reports on kindling preparation by daily electrical stimulation to the primary visual cortex. In our previous studies on cats, it was demonstrated that repeated stimulation to the primary visual cortex brought a similar progress in seizure development as in amygdaloid kindling, although it took more trials. In this study, we examined the effects of intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) (2.5 Hz) on the visual cortical kindling preparation to clarify more underlying mechanisms of photosensitivity. Under IPS, afterdischarges synchronizing to IPS were seen and a duration of afterdischarge was extremely prolonged, even in the early stage of the kindling process. The threshold of stimulus intensity inducing afterdischarge was significantly reduced and the generalized convulsive seizure was obtained with fewer times of stimulation, as compared to visual cortical kindling without IPS. In visual cortical kindling myoclonic responses were sometimes caused by IPS for a few minutes immediately after cessation of the electrically induced generalized seizure. Such phenomena were never seen in amygdaloid kindling. These results indicate that IPS facilitates a seizure development in all stages of visual cortical kindling.
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PMID:Facilitatory effects of intermittent photic stimulation on visual cortical kindling. 717 33


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