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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many factors are involved in the determination of the epileptic threshold and the precipitation of epileptic seizures. The balance between the underlying excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms are often imperfectly understood. However, some of these factors must be fully considered if the management of those with epilepsy is to be effective. This applies especially to children. Certain types of epilepsy are genetically determined, and others are age-related. Development of the brain plays a crucial role in the changing liability to epilepsy. If these processes are disturbed by various lesions and diseases, such as metabolic and toxic disorders, protective mechanisms may suffer. Kindling and mirror foci, the role of the cerebellum, and reflex epilepsy will be discussed. There are some seizure-inducing factors which are susceptible to change, and can be as important as anti-epileptic drugs in controlling seizures. The use and limitations of these measures, and of drugs, will be considered.
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PMID:Some excitatory and inhibitory factors involved in the epileptic state. 825 Jan 54

We studied a kindred of 69 affected individuals with the autosomal dominant epileptic syndrome of benign familial neonatal convulsions, linked to chromosome 20. Forty-two percent had their seizure onset on day 3, while remission took place in 68% during the first 6 weeks. Seizures were brief and the phenotype was of a mixed seizure type, starting with tonic posture, ocular symptoms, apnea, and other autonomic features. The seizure often progressed to clonic movements and motor automatisms. The postictal state was brief, and interictally the neonates looked well. The ictal EEG pattern with generalized suppression of amplitude on onset may be relatively unique. Neurocognitive outcome was usually normal, but the risk for subsequent epilepsy was 16%. Most of the later epilepsy was generalized tonic or tonic-clonic, and some seizures were provoked, raising the possibility of an unusual form of reflex epilepsy.
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PMID:Seizure characteristics in chromosome 20 benign familial neonatal convulsions. 832 38

A case of reflex epilepsy accompanied by pineal cyst and cavum septi pellucidi induced by hot water bathing is presented. The patient is a 25-year-old male who has had six episodes of convulsions during the last three years. The seizures were diagnosed as a complex partial epilepsy followed by generalized tonic seizures. We have succeeded in recording his electroencephalogram (EEG) during convulsions. Moreover, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study revealed a pineal cyst and cavum septi pellucidi. This is quite a rare form of adult hot water epilepsy accompanied by intracranial malformations.
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PMID:Hot water epilepsy with pineal cyst and cavum septi pellucidi. 841 82

Seizures induced by eye closure are a rare but well-recognized form of reflex epilepsy. Two types have been reported: those induced by movement of the eyelids and those caused by lack of visual input. The EEG pattern is typically that of spike and wave discharges, either isolated to the occipital regions or greatest there. We report the case of a 19-year-old woman with a previously undescribed form of seizures induced by eye closure in whom both the physical act of eye closure and total lack of visual input were required for induction of a seizure. Both the EEG pattern of paroxysmal high-amplitude generalized beta activity and poor response to medication were different from what has been previously noted in patients with seizures induced by eye closure. We believe that a third form of seizures induced by eye closure exists and that its prognosis may be significantly worse than that of previously reported forms.
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PMID:Unusual form of seizures induced by eye closure. 845 39

Patients with reflex epilepsies may provide insights into cerebral pathophysiology. We report a patient with an unusual form of reflex epilepsy in whom seizures are induced by tooth brushing. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a right posterior frontal low-grade tumor predominantly involving the precentral gyrus. Video-telemetry demonstrated right-sided epileptiform activity during a typical induced complex partial seizure. An ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan showed an area of hyperfusion that corresponded to the MRI lesion on coregistration with a surface-matching technique. A subsequent coregistered interictal SPECT scan demonstrated hypoperfusion in the same region. Ours is the first report to demonstrate a structural focus in this unusual form of reflex epilepsy. Possible mechanisms to explain the induction of the seizures are discussed.
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PMID:Tooth-brushing epilepsy: a report of a case with structural and functional imaging and electrophysiology demonstrating a right frontal focus. 868 4

Epileptic seizures induced by sudden movement and paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC) have often been confused in the past, owing to the close similarity of the attacks, the equally good response to anticonvulsants, and the frequent occurrence of epilepsy and PKC in the same family, or even in the same patient. The pathophysiology of PKC is still unclear and its relationship with epilepsy open to discussion. The sparing of consciousness and the lack of postictal phenomena are constant features of PKC, thus differentiating this syndrome from epilepsy. We report the case of an 8-year-old boy with frequent brief tonic attacks, without loss of consciousness, triggered by sudden movement. The neurologic examination, EEG and MRI did not help to differentiate between epilepsy and PKC. Only the occurrence of a longer seizure with clouding of consciousness and the recording of the postictal abnormalities on the EEG supported a diagnosis of reflex epilepsy induced by movement.
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PMID:Epilepsy or paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis? 873 7

Reflex seizures induced by higher mental activity is rare. We report the case of a young man with myoclonic jerks and generalized tonico-clonic convulsion precipitated by calculation, playing chess and scrabble. Routine EEG, including hyperventilation and photic stimulation, showed no abnormality. Tests stimulation procedures, including spatial tasks, induced focal and generalized EEG spike-wave complex and myoclonic jerks. Valproate was effective in reducing epileptic seizures during a follow-up period of three years. Comparison of our case with previously reported reflex epilepsy with seizures induced by higher mental activity is discussed.
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PMID:[Reflex epilepsy with seizures induced by mental calculation, playing chess and scrabble]. 876 18

A strain of chicken, called here FEpi (for Fayoumi epileptic), bearing an autosomal recessive mutation, exhibits a form of reflex epilepsy with EEG interictal paroxysmal manifestations and generalized seizures in response to either light or sound stimulations. By using the brain chimera technology, we demonstrate here that the epileptic phenotype can be partially or totally transferred from an FEpi to a normal chick by grafting specific regions of the embryonic brain. The mesencephalon contains the generator of all epileptic manifestations whether they involve visual or auditory neuronal circuits, with the exception of the abnormal EEG which is transmitted exclusively by telencephalic grafts. This analysis supports the hypothesis that certain forms of human and mammalian epilepsies have a brainstem origin.
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PMID:Brain chimeras in birds: application to the study of a genetic form of reflex epilepsy. 876 61

This study investigated the behavioural and anticonvulsant effects of voltage-sensitive calcium channel blockers in DBA/2 mice. Omega-Conotoxin MVIIC (0.1, 0.3 micrograms ICV/mouse) and omega-agatoxin IVA (0.1, 0.3, 1 micrograms ICV), which act predominantly at P- and/or Q-type calcium channels, prevented clonic and tonic sound-induced seizures in this animal model of reflex epilepsy (ED50 values with 95% confidence limits for protection against clonic sound-induced seizures were 0.09 (0.04-0.36) micrograms ICV and 0.09 (0.05-0.15) micrograms ICV respectively and against tonic seizures 0.07 (0.03-0.16) micrograms ICV and 0.08 (0.04-0.13) micrograms ICV, respectively). The N-type calcium channel antagonists omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-conotoxin MVIIA were also tested in this model. Omega-Conotoxin GVIA was anticonvulsant in DBA/2 mice, but only at high doses (3 micrograms ICV prevented tonic seizures in 60% of the animals; 10 micrograms ICV prevented clonic seizures in 60% and tonic seizures in 90% of the animals), whereas omega-conotoxin MVIIA did not inhibit sound-induced seizures in doses up to 10 micrograms ICV. Both omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-conotoxin MVIIA induced an intense shaking syndrome in doses as low as 0.1 microgram ICV, whereas omega-conotoxin MVIIC and omega-agatoxin IVA did not produce shaking at any of the doses examined. Finally, omega-conotoxin GI (0.01-1 microgram ICV) and alpha-conotoxin SI (0.3-30 micrograms ICV), which both act at acetylcholine nicotinic receptors, were not anticonvulsant and did not induce shaking in DBA/2 mice. These results confirm that blockers of N- and P-/Q-type calcium channels produce different behavioural responses in animals. The anticonvulsant effects of omega-conotoxin MVIIC and omega-agatoxin IVA in DBA/2 mice are consistent with reports that P- and/or Q-type calcium channel blockers inhibit the release of excitatory amino acids and are worthy of further exploration.
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PMID:Behavioural and anticonvulsant effects of Ca2+ channel toxins in DBA/2 mice. 885 21

1. To investigate the role of nitric oxide in epilepsy we have studied the effects of agents which affect nitric oxide synthesis in sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice and in genetically epilepsy-prone (GEP) rats. 2. The neuronal selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) is anticonvulsant in these models with ED50 values against clonic seizures in mg kg-1 i.p. (times following injection) of: 74 (+0.25 h), 120 (+1 h) in DAB/2 mice, and 56 (+0.25 h), 42 (+0.5 h), 36 (+1 h), 28 (+2 h), 38 (+4 h), 93 (+8 h) in GEP rats. 3. Therapeutic indices (locomotor deficit ED50/anticonvulsant ED50) for 7-NI are low, ranging from 0.6 to 1.1 at +0.25 h to +1 h after administration in GEP rats, but are more favourable at later times (1.6 at +2 h and 2.9 at +4 h). 4. The substrate for nitric oxide synthase, L-arginine (500-5000 mg kg-1, i.p. or 100-300 micrograms, i.c.v.) but not D-arginine (300 micrograms i.c.v.) is anticonvulsant in DBA/2 mice. L-Arginine (500-5000 mg kg-1, i.p. or 1800-6000 micrograms, i.c.v.) is a more potent anticonvulsant than D-arginine (1500-2500 mg kg-1, i.p. or 6000 micrograms, i.c.v.) in GEP rats. 5. In DBA/2 mice, L-arginine (30 micrograms i.c.v.) reverses the anticonvulsant effect of 7-NI (50 mg kg-1, i.p.). 6. In GEP rats, low dose L-arginine (25-50 mg kg-1, i.p.) but not D-arginine (50 mg kg-1, i.p.) reverses the anticonvulsant effect of low dose 7-NI (25 mg kg-1, i.p.). A higher dose of L-arginine (500 mg kg-1, i.p.) or 7-NI (50 mg kg-1, i.p.) produces summation of anticonvulsant effect. 7. The product for nitric oxide synthase, L-citrulline (250-831 micrograms i.c.v.), is convulsant in DBA/2 mice. 8. The anticonvulsant effect of the neuronal selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole, may therefore be mediated by L-arginine accumulation, as well as by a reduction in nitric oxide and L-citrulline formation in rodent models of reflex epilepsy.
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PMID:Anticonvulsant effects of 7-nitroindazole in rodents with reflex epilepsy may result from L-arginine accumulation or a reduction in nitric oxide or L-citrulline formation. 887 70


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