Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The most extreme form of non-cooperation in the treatment of epilepsy is seen in those patients who deliberately induce their own seizures. The overwhelming majority of these patients are photosensitive and make use of visual stimuli to induce either overt seizures or 'sub-clinical' epileptiform EEG discharges. Best documented is the use of flicker produced by waving one hand in front of the eyes, but much more frequent, if less easily recognised, is the use of a manoeuvre involving slow closure and forced upward deviation of the eyes. This is exhibited by a quarter of patients with photosensitive epilepsy, many of whom report that the manoeuvre gives a pleasant sensation or relieves feelings of stress. Other forms of reflex epilepsy are used less often for self-induction and for a variety of motives. Often there is clear social advantage such as avoidance of school or gaining attention. Some patients find that the risk of a spontaneous attack is lessened following a self-induced seizure and can therefore contrive their fits to occur only in situations which are safe and convenient. Self-induced seizures are notoriously resistant to antiepileptic therapy even if the patient is compliant. Preliminary trials suggest, however, that in some patients dopamine antagonists may reduce this behaviour, apparently by making self-induced discharges or seizures non-rewarding.
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PMID:Self-induction of seizures: the ultimate non-compliance. 324 66

A patient with reflex epilepsy is described, in whom seizures were induced by bathing in hot water. The literature is reviewed.
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PMID:Reflex-epilepsy induced by immersion in hot water. Case report and review of the literature. 328 51

A case of epilepsy precipitated by bathing is described and previously reported cases are reviewed. The prognosis for this rare form of reflex epilepsy seems to be good, in that the seizures resolve with age and neurodevelopment remains normal.
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PMID:Epilepsy precipitated by bathing. 328 35

Reports of epileptic seizures evoked by eating are very scarce in the literature. A review of the reported cases suggests that various mechanisms may act as triggering factors in this form of reflex epilepsy. We studied a 17-year-old boy in whom the seizures precipitated by eating had been prevented by giving him some alerting stimuli during the meal. The attention-arousal coupling sustained by the meal seems to play a role in triggering the attacks.
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PMID:Eating seizures and distraction-arousal functions. A case study. 338 16

Rats were pretrained on a place learning-set task, in which a platform, submerged in a swimming pool filled with opaque water, was moved to a new location each day. Then they received either: suction removal of the dorsal hippocampus, intrahippocampal microinjections of colchicine to remove dentate gyrus granule cells, kainic acid to remove CA3-4 cells of the hippocampus proper, suction removal of parietal cortex overlying the hippocampus, or no surgery. Performance was then evaluated for 48 days. All lesion groups were chronically impaired with respect to the control group, but the rats with parietal cortex lesions retained the ability to solve the task, whereas rats with hippocampal damage did not. Training frequently induced task-related behavioural seizures in the rats with granule cell or CA3-4 lesions. The results show that the hippocampus, including granule cell and CA3-4 cell populations, is essential for the rapid acquisition of place responses in the swimming pool task. The finding that training on the task induced reflex epilepsy in granule cell and CA3-4-damaged rats, but not those with aspirative removals, suggests that residual portions of the hippocampus are activated by training and are involved in production of the epileptic attacks.
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PMID:Hippocampal, granule cell and CA3-4 lesions impair formation of a place learning-set in the rat and induce reflex epilepsy. 358 Jan 16

Four new anticonvulsive drugs were compared to four prototype antiepileptics regarding their differential efficacy, i.e. against tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and minor seizures, in reflex epilepsy in genetically epileptic gerbils. We distinguished at least three types of drugs: Phenytoin and ralitoline selectively prevented tonic-clonic seizures; the other drugs tested were active against all seizure types. However, carbamazepine and AHR-11748 were predominantly active against tonic-clonic seizures, whereas phenobarbital, valproate, gabapentin, and zonisamide equipotently suppressed both tonic-clonic and myoclonic seizures.
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PMID:The genetic animal model of reflex epilepsy in the Mongolian gerbil: differential efficacy of new anticonvulsive drugs and prototype antiepileptics. 365 16

In six cases of reflex epilepsy, the seizures were triggered by reading or elaborating a verbal utterance, and were accompanied on EEG by focal or generalized epileptiform activity. The seizures were controlled with clonazepam in four cases and by sodium valproate in two cases. We speculate that the disturbance has a cortical origin and is triggered by neural processes involved in the elaboration of language.
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PMID:Primary reading epilepsy. 407 68

5-benzyloxy-4-methoxymethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate) is a potent and selective ligand for benzodiazepine (BZ) receptors. Biochemical investigations indicate that ZK 91296 may be a partial agonist at BZ receptors. Such partial agonism may explain to some extent why ZK 91296 needs higher BZ receptor occupancy than diazepam for the same effect against chemical convulsants and for behavioural effects. The lack of sedative effects, and the very potent inhibition of reflex epilepsy, spontaneous epilepsy and DMCM-induced seizures suggest, furthermore, that ZK 91296 may possess pharmacological selectivity for a particular type of BZ receptor interaction, perhaps including topographic as well as receptor subtype differentiation.
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PMID:ZK 91296, a partial agonist at benzodiazepine receptors. 608 46

The proconvulsant and convulsant actions of methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM) and of methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) have been evaluated in two animal models of reflex epilepsy, the photosensitive baboon, Papio papio, and the audiogenic seizure prone DBA/2 mouse. In baboons, myoclonic responses to photic stimulation are markedly enhanced 1 min after DMCM, 0.25 mg/kg i.v. In the absence of photic stimulation DMCM, 0.5 mg/kg i.v. induces a single brief tonic clonic seizure within 10-90 s. beta-CCM, 0.025-0.05 mg/kg i.v. similarly enhances myoclonic responses to photic stimulation. Generalised seizures occur without photic stimulation 0.5-3 min after beta-CCM, 0.1-0.2 mg/kg. Pretreatment with the excitatory amino acid antagonist, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (2-APH), 110 mg/kg i.v., prevents the generalised seizures induced by DMCM, 0.5 mg/kg, but not those induced by beta-CCM, 0.1-0.2 mg/kg. In DBA/2 mice beta-CCM and DMCM are indistinguishable in potency as convulsants (ED50 values for clonic seizures: 4.4 and 4.6 mg/kg i.p. respectively) and as proconvulsants (ED50 values for facilitation of clonic seizure responses to an 83 dB sound stimulus: 0.25 and 0.23 mg/kg). Pretreatment with 2-APH gives equipotent protection against audiogenic seizures induced by beta-CCM, 1 mg/kg or DMCM, 1 mg/kg. The differences in relative potency of beta-CCM and DMCM in the two species are probably accountable for in terms of differing metabolism. A differential action of the two beta-carbolines on receptor subtypes, with enhancement of excitatory amino acid release playing a more important role in epileptogenesis after DMCM, is proposed.
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PMID:Behavioural and convulsant actions of two methyl esters of beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid in photosensitive baboons and in DBA/2 mice. 649 18

The present study was undertaken in order to describe 16 more patients suffering from startle-induced epileptic seizures and to clarify further the possible therapeutic activity of benzodiazepines in this rare reflex epilepsy. The interictal and ictal electroclinical data of 16 epileptic children or adolescents have been detailed. A CT-scan was performed in 10 patients; six of them showed an atrophy of the mesial surface of one or both hemispheres ("mesial hypodensity"). Benzodiazepine was associated with the previous antiepileptic treatment in the 16 ineffectively treated patients. Clonazepam was administered in three patients; one of them was completely unresponsive and two became seizure-free for a mean of 16.5 months but complained of drowsiness or ataxia. Clobazam was administered in 13 patients; 15.4% of them were completely unresponsive, 23.1% experienced drug resistance, and 61.5% obtained a good control (91.5% reduction of the reflex seizures) for a mean of 22.75 months. In spite of a possible loss of therapeutic activity, the appearance of very few unfavorable side effects and the presence of favorable side effects ("psychomotor arousal") make clobazam therapy important in the treatment of patients suffering from startle epilepsy.
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PMID:Startle-induced epileptic seizures. 651 Mar 79


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