Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A series of 2-substituted 3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thiazolidin-4-ones were synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in a genetic model of reflex epilepsy (sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice). The combination of preferred substituents in the 2-position coupled with the introduction of a mercapto group on the thiadiazole moiety led to a number of active compounds. The anticonvulsant activity of most derivatives is better than that of the clinically useful anticonvulsant sodium valproate and some of them appear to possess potencies in the same range as phenytoin and clobazam.
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PMID:Synthesis and anticonvulsant properties of 3-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) thiazolidin-4-ones. 179 76

Eating epilepsy is a rare type of reflex epilepsy. A 24 years-old male with eating reflex complex partial seizures was submitted to clinical, neurological, neuroradiological and EEG studies. Neurologic and CT examinations were normal. EEG recordings including video-EEG monitoring during meals disclosed focal abnormalities related to both temporal lobes prevailing at the left side and secondary bilateral synchrony mainly in more anterior regions. Ictal findings were similar to the interictal secondary bilateral synchrony except for its longer duration. PB, VPA and DPH monotherapies were ineffective. High dose CBZ monotherapy yielded good but incomplete seizure control. Since a big number of precipitants could be involved, no specific physiopathological basis could be established.
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PMID:Eating epilepsy. 180 34

We report three cases of reflex epilepsy with myoclonic jerks of the right arm and fingers precipitated by calculation using a Soroban. An EEG spike-wave complex with left central prevalence was induced. Various types of stimulation were used to induce epileptic discharges, and a simultaneous mental task requiring a high degree of concentration and complicated and delicate finger movements was necessary to induce the epileptic discharges. Comparison of our cases with previously reported reflex epilepsy induced by higher mental activity led to the assumption that the neural mechanism inducing seizures in our cases is similar to that of writing epilepsy. Valproate was effective in reducing epileptic discharges, and all patients became seizure-free.
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PMID:Reflex epilepsy induced by calculation using a "Soroban," a Japanese traditional calculator. 189 20

An adolescent with photosensitive epilepsy had absence seizures reproduced by forced voluntary eye closure in light or in darkness, independent of eyelid immobilization or ocular elevation. Attacks preferably occurred while speaking Spanish, her second language, mediated through brief, strong, automatic closing of the eyes during difficult word retrieval. Complex other multidirectional ocular movements or blinking, cognitive and language tasks were ineffective. Frontorolandic cortical epileptogenesis is seemingly responsible for light-provoked seizures in Papio papio, acting via hyperexcitable neuronal facial aggregates (i.e. Baba and Wada). Since orbicularis oculi muscle fibers mediating strong and weak contractions are differentially innervated by the facial nuclei, we submit that critical threshold tonic activation of specific nuclear aggregates explains this language-apparent reflex epilepsy, triggered by extreme eye closure. A "dopamine connection hypothesis" linking periodic eye closure, effortful memory and photosensitivity, based on its putative evolutive significance, is discussed.
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PMID:Language-apparent reflex epilepsy. 190 52

Abecarnil (ZK 112119; isopropyl-6-benzyloxy-4-methoxymethyl-beta-carboxylate) is a metabolically stable beta-carboline derivative with potent anxiolytic and few sedative and ataxic effects in rodents. The anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant actions of abecarnil have been evaluated in mice, rats, gerbils and baboons. Abecarnil raised the threshold for tonic electroconvulsions in mice after corneal but not after auricular application, had no effect on maximal electroshock-induced tonic convulsions triggered by either method, protected mice against the tonic hindlimb extension in PTZ-, picrotoxin- and 3-mercaptopropionate-induced seizures and blocked clonus after PTZ, DMCM (methyl-4-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-9H-pyrido-(3,4-b)-indol-3-carboxylate) and 3-mercaptopropionate. Abecarnil had no effect on convulsions induced by bicuculline and strychnine. Furthermore, abecarnil blocked kindled seizures after chronic administration of PTZ and FG 7142 (beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methylamide) and protected mice and rats against limbic convulsions induced by pilocarpine. Severity and afterdischarge duration of amygdala-kindled seizures were reduced in rats treated with abecarnil. Abecarnil also antagonized selectively convulsions induced by i.c.v. administration of kainate, but not those triggered by N-methyl-D-aspartate or quisqualate. In genetic models of reflex epilepsy, abecarnil was effective against sound-induced convulsions in DBA/2 mice, against air blast-induced generalized seizures in gerbils and against myoclonus in baboons Papio papio. The anticonvulsant effect of abecornil in a PTZ seizure model in mice was potentiated by ethosuximide, whereas no significant potentiation was found with diazepam, clonazepam, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine and phenobarbital. Electromyographic monitoring in a etorphine model of muscle rigidity in rats showed no or little muscle relaxant effect of abecarnil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Anticonvulsant action of the beta-carboline abecarnil: studies in rodents and baboon, Papio papio. 197 Mar 62

In a retrospective study of 30 Down syndrome (DS) patients with epilepsy, we found 6 cases (20%) with reflex seizures. One patient had benign myoclonic epilepsy of infancy with clinical photosensitivity. The other 5 cases had all startle-induced epileptic seizures and a form of symptomatic epilepsy. Three patients had a Lenox-Gastaut syndrome, one had generalized symptomatic epilepsy, and one had partial symptomatic epilepsy (PSE). Reflex epilepsy was also used as a classification category in the PSE case, as most or all seizures were stimulus-related in this patient. Seizures precipitated by stimuli were stereotyped in 4 patients, but 2 patients responded to stimuli with different types of seizures. The actual occurrence of reflex seizures in DS patients with epilepsy is probably underestimated. These cases seem to confirm previous reports showing deficiencies in cortical inhibition in the brain of DS patients.
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PMID:Reflex seizures are frequent in patients with Down syndrome and epilepsy. 214 49

To know the seizure generation mechanisms in reflex epilepsy, we performed red flicker and flickering geometric pattern stimulations for photosensitive epilepsy, and neuropsychological EEG activation for graphogenic epilepsy. These activations were effective to provoke seizure discharges. The EEG discharges of absence seizure in photosensitive epilepsy started mainly from the posterior regions, which became evident by the reduction of stimulus intensity. Mental activity performed with the hands provoked the central-dominant discharges with unilateral myoclonic seizure as well as generalized discharges with bilateral myoclonic seizure in graphogenic epilepsy. These findings suggest that the initiation of these seizures may relate to the hyperexcitability of the focal cortical areas, which correspond to those activated by the special EEG activation.
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PMID:Seizure generation mechanisms in reflex epilepsy. 225 17

Primary reading epilepsy is a rare form of reflex epilepsy, in which reading is the specific stimulus evoking attacks. The authors report a case of an 18-year-old man who since the age of 17 presented myoclonic jaw jerking provoked exclusively by reading. In one episode, in which reading was not interrupted, jerks were followed by a generalized convulsive seizure. EEG with routine activating procedures was normal, while EEG recorded during reading showed bilaterally synchronous paroxysmal small-voltage spikes, more prominent in frontocentral regions, coinciding with jaw myoclonus. Complete clinical seizures control and EEG normalization were achieved with clonazepam 2 mg daily in a 24-month follow-up.
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PMID:[Primary reading epilepsy: therapeutic efficacy of clonazepam in one case]. 226 91

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is one of the idiopathic generalized epilepsies with age-related onset. Myoclonic seizures of JME often occur on awakening. On the other hand, patients with reflex epilepsy, whose seizures are particularly induced by activating higher cognitive functions, are thought to belong to the same category. As to the seizure precipitating factors of these patients with JME, however, few studies have ever been made. In this study, clinical and electroencephalographic findings of 25 patients with JME, on whom "neuropsychological EEG activation" (NPA) was performed, were carefully analyzed. After a routine EEG examination, NPA was carried out; this is a special method for EEG activation that requires the patients to speak, read, write, calculate and perform constructive acts (drawing figures and doing a block design test); in addition to EEG recording, simultaneous video-EEG monitoring was also made during these tasks. In the patients with JME, the sex ratio was about equal (11 males and 14 females). Eight patients (32%) had a family history of epilepsy but none of the patients had a positive past history responsible for epilepsy. The age at the onset of myoclonic seizures ranged between 10 and 20 years (mean: 15.3 years). A total of 18 patients (72%) had another type of seizures; 3 had absence seizures, 9 had generalized tonic-clonic seizures and 6 had both absence and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Myoclonic seizures often occurred in the morning on awakening in 17 (68%) of 25 patients. As for EEG findings (all but one patient were receiving antiepileptic drugs when EEG was examined), paroxysmal discharges in a resting state were found in 12 patients (48%); most of them were either very brief generalized spike and wave complexes or bursts of generalized 3-5 Hz spike and wave complexes lasting for 1-3 seconds; generalized multiple spikes were observed only in 5 patients. These clinical and EEG findings were in accordance with those reported previously. Careful investigation of the histories obtained from the patients disclosed the following: Myoclonic seizures were induced (1) by mental activity associated with the use of hands in 20 patients (80%), (2) in a situation with psychic tension in 12 (48%), and (3) by decision making in 3 (12%). Interestingly, these findings could be confirmed by NPA with simultaneous video-EEG monitoring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[A clinical and electroencephalographic study of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: its pathophysiological considerations based on the findings obtained from neuropsychological EEG activation]. 251 Feb 9

We present five elderly patients with focal reflex or posture-induced seizures and nonketotic hyperglycemia (NKH). Each patient exhibited interictal focal findings, such as hemiparesis or hemisensory or aphasic deficits. With control of the hyperglycemia, the seizures stopped, and the neurologic deficits resolved. The syndrome of focal reflex epilepsy and neurologic deficits in the elderly is transient and almost invariably related to NKH, thus representing a specific neuroendocrine syndrome.
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PMID:Reflex epilepsy and nonketotic hyperglycemia in the elderly: a specific neuroendocrine syndrome. 292 48


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