Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intrathecal methotrexate in children with leukemia is known to cause seizures, dementia, leukoencephalopathy, and cognitive dysfunction after long-term treatment. To investigate the cognitive dysfunction, male Wistar rats were given multiple intracerebroventricular injections of methotrexate. Its effect on behaviour was tested in the two-compartment conditioned avoidance task and dark-bright arena test. Levels of brain amines in the hippocampal region of the brain were estimated by HPLC. The qualitative and quantitative histopathological changes in the different regions of the hippocampus were studied by cresyl violet staining. Multiple injections (1 or 2 mg/kg) produced convulsions and learning and memory impairment but did not induce anxiolytic activity. They also reduced concentrations of all three brain amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The CA4 region of the hippocampus was severely affected by intraventricular methotrexate. Disruption of brain monoamines has been proposed as a cause of brain dysfunction from this chemotherapy, and that disruption may in turn involve cytotoxic effects of methotrexate on brain tissue. The outcomes of this study may have therapeutic implications in the management of cancer conditions, particularly in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia.
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PMID:Hippocampal brain amines in methotrexate-induced learning and memory deficit. 1248 27

Survival rates for children with cancer have increased dramatically over the past few decades. Development of new chemotherapeutic agents and the expanded use of older agents have had a major impact on this celebrated improvement. Chemotherapy can have, however, significant toxicity on the nervous system. The most common neurologic complications involve acute alterations in consciousness, leukoencephalopathy, seizures, cerebral infarctions, paralysis, neuropathy, and ototoxicity. Most of the information on toxicity comes from prospective reports and the adult patient population. Methotrexate, cyclosporin, and platinum compounds are the most frequently cited. No prospective studies have been done to evaluate chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity in the pediatric population, and the exact incidence of such complications is unknown. Such investigation is greatly needed, as it may lead to a better understanding of how chemotherapy affects the nervous system and ultimately help develop more strategies to prevent drug-related neurotoxicity in pediatric cancer patients.
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PMID:Neurologic complications of chemotherapy for children with cancer. 1258 42

In this report we are presenting three patients of posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome developing in postpartum period. Two of these patients had persistent imaging abnormalities in posterior parietal and occipital regions leading to focal atrophy of brain along with permanent cortical blindness and recurrent seizures. In both the patients the syndrome was either unrecognized, or remained untreated on initial presentation. In third patient also the syndrome was not recognized for 10 days, initial clinical manifestations and computed tomographic (CT) abnormalities remained unchanged even after two months. Failure to early recognition and treatment can produce permanent brain damage and syndrome of posterior leukoencephalopathy may become irreversible.
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PMID:Postpartum posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. 1272 70

We report a case and autopsy findings of posterior leukoencephalopathy (PL) developing during induction chemotherapy for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) complicated by tumour lysis syndrome. PL may present with seizures, headache, altered mental status and occipital blindness, associated with transient parieto-occipital abnormalities on neuro-imaging studies. Precipitants include immunosuppressive agents, renal insufficiency, hypertension and fluid retention. It has also been reported in association with pre-eclamptic and eclamptic states, nephrotic syndrome and following liver and bone marrow transplantation. Only rare cases of PL developing during treatment for haematological malignancy have been reported and to our knowledge it has not been previously reported in association with tumour lysis syndrome. Since the condition is generally regarded as being fully reversible few autopsy findings have been reported.
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PMID:Posterior leukoencephalopathy in association with the tumour lysis syndrome in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia--a case with clinicopathological correlation. 1277 51

Vacuolating megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a disorder characterised by acquired macrocephaly, developmental motor delay of varying degrees, slowly progressive cerebellar and pyramidal signs, and initially preserved intellectual function. More than 60% of the published cases had epileptic seizures. In this study, we analysed the seizures and EEG findings of nine patients with MLC. Six patients (66.6%) with moderate to severe neurological impairment had epilepsy, four with partial and two with generalised seizures. The EEG of five epileptic patients revealed epileptogenic foci over the temporal, frontal and parietal regions with variable predominance during waking and sleep. The facilitation of spike-and-wave paroxysms by eye closure, by intermittent photic stimulation and by hyperventilation were determined in four patients. Four patients also showed abnormalities in the background activity. In conclusion, we think that epilepsy is a significant component of MLC compared to the other leukodystrophies. The elucidation of the underlying molecular defect may explain the unusual pathogenetic relation between this leukoencephalopathy and the associated seizures.
Seizure 2003 Sep
PMID:Epilepsy in vacuolating megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. 1291 85

Leukoencephalopathy with severe hypertension is a recently described entity in nephrology, with only a few case reports to date in children. We prospectively studied 18 children with severe hypertension to evaluate the clinical features, severity, reversibility, and prognosis. All were subjected to clinical and biochemical tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Headache was reported in 16 children, 13 had confusion and drowsiness, 12 had nausea and vomiting, and 9 had visual disturbances, seizure, and dyspnea. Only 2 had focal neurological deficit (1 with right facial palsy and another with right lateral rectus palsy). Of these 18 children, 14 patients had hypertensive retinopathy and 4 had normal fundus. MRI revealed leukoencephalopathic changes in 16 of 18 patients. These changes were bilateral occipito-parietal in 9 patients, diffuse white/gray matter lesion in 2, brain stem hyperintensity in 2, and hemorrhagic lesion in 3. On MRA, 11 of 18 patients had attenuation of cerebral arteries of different degree. On follow-up, MRI findings resolved in all except 3 patients and all patients had normal MRA, except for 1 with persistent minimal attenuation and another with spasm in all vessels. We conclude that leukoencephalopathy with severe hypertension is reversible both clinically and radiologically in the majority of children after the control of hypertension. However, a few patients may have residual damage and may need psychometric analysis and follow-up for neurodevelopmental sequelae.
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PMID:Is reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy with severe hypertension completely reversible in all patients? 1450 62

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts is one of the newly described white-matter disorders for which recognition has been brought about by advances in imaging technology. The essential diagnostic features include megalencephaly noted in infancy, motor disability in the form of spasticity, ataxia, occasional seizures, mild cognitive decline, and slow progression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows bilateral extensive white-matter changes with cysts in the temporal regions. Based on the clinical and MRI features, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts can be distinguished from other conditions (ie, Alexander's disease, Canavan's disease, glutaricaciduria type I) that present in infancy with megalencephaly. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts is an autosomal recessive disorder, and mutations in the MLC1 gene have now been shown to cause this condition. Several genotypic and phenotypic variations have been described. In India, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts occurs predominantly in the Agarwal community. A common mutation in the MLC1 gene has been seen in 31 Agarwal patients, which suggests a founder effect.
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PMID:Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. 1457 44

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy refers to a clinicoradiological syndrome observed in patients presenting with acute or subacute symptoms of various intensity including seizures, headache, vomiting, confusion and visual abnormalities. The radiological features are reversible bilateral white matter abnormalities predominantly located in the posterior regions of the cerebral hemispheres, demonstrated by computed tomography or, better, by magnetic resonance imaging. This syndrome mostly occurs in patients with hypertensive encephalopathy or in immunosuppressed patients. The recognition of this syndrome is critical as delay in the diagnosis or treatment can result in permanent neurological deficit while early prompt control of blood pressure or withdrawal of causative drugs can reverse the syndrome.
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PMID:[Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome]. 1457 10

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is one of the most serious complications of immunosuppressive therapy. The clinical features include headache, altered mental functioning, seizures, cortical blindness and other visual disturbances, with hypertension. The neuroimaging studies reveal predominant posterior leukoencephalopathy. Usually, antihypertensive therapy and reduction or withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents have been reported to resolve the neurological deficits and imaging abnormalities within a few weeks. We discuss here a 51-year-old woman with nephrotic syndrome who developed acute leukoencephalopathy during combination therapy with prednisolone and cyclosporine. She developed severe headache, visual disturbance, consciousness disturbance, and generalized tonic clonic convulsion. A computed tomography scan (CT) revealed low-density areas in the subcortices of the parietal and occipital lobes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed a high signal intensity area on T2-weighted images and a low signal intensity area on T1-weighted images in the same lesions. Follow-up brain CT and MRI were performed several times. Three weeks after the first study, these lesions had completely resolved, but she had persistent altered consciousness for more than 1 year.
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PMID:Acute posterior leukoencephalopathy in a patient with nephrotic syndrome. 1458 46

A 14-year-old girl with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis was transferred to our hospital because of acute renal failure. A diagnosis of Wegener granulomatosis was made according to the symptom triad of a renal biopsy demonstrating crescentic glomerulonephritis, severe sinusitis, and serological findings of raised proteinase 3 anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody level. In spite of combination therapy with methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide, and plasma exchange, her renal function gradually deteriorated. Thereafter, she suffered a severe headache and generalized seizures. Brain computed tomography (CT) scan revealed bilateral low-density areas in the parieto-occipital lobes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed a high-intensity area on T2-weighted images and a low-signal intensity area on T1-weighted images in the same lesion. Follow-up brain CT scan 3 weeks and MRI 2 months after the first studies showed complete resolution of the abnormal lesions, which indicated reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. In addition to renal failure, hypertension, and cyclophoshamide, the primary disease may have played a role in the development of this uncommon syndrome in our patient.
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PMID:Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy in a patient with Wegener granulomatosis. 1467 53


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