Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An alternative way of looking at epilepsy has been restricted to the observation of personality characteristics and behavioral cognitive impairments, as these are the most important secondary handicaps. The term "behavioural disorders" is connected with the problem of the development of personality. For this reason, in clinical work a sensitive and standardized psychometric instruments for measuring personality constructs are required. One of the most frequent used instruments in our child neurowork is Eysenck's Personality Inventory (EPI--junior questionnaire), based on Eysenck's theory. In this study, EPI-junior questionnaire was given to a group of 60 boys and girls aged 10-14 years with various forms of epilepsy (single partial seizures--N = 28; complex partial seizures--N = 18; typical absence--N = 8; atypical absence--N = 6. All children were receiving anticonvulsant drugs in doses within or below therapeutic limits. The possible influence of drug administration on personality characteristics of these children was not specifically analyzed for insufficient data in their medical histories. Results of personality characteristics obtained on the EPI junior test of the children with epilepsy were compared to the results of "normal" school children matched by age, sex and social conditions. Its was found (on the "extroversion-introversion" scale) that the children with epilepsy were more introverted than the control group children, which is contrary to the common clinical experience. On the other hand, there were no statistical differences between these two groups in the category of "neuroticism". Finally, the children with epilepsy had significantly higher results on the "lie scale", which indicated greater unreliability of their results obtained on EPI-junior "lie" scale as compared to the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Personality traits in school children with epilepsy. 748 37

Mapping study of EEG spike focus was performed on 122 topographic maps, from 88 records of 72 subjects, classified in: F for "functional" (no epileptic seizure); EGI, EGS and EGC: respectively generalized idiopathic, symptomatic and cryptogenic epilepsies; EPI, EPS and EPC: respectively partial idiopathic, symptomatic and cryptogenic epilepsies--epilepsies with centro-temporal spikes (EPR) are predominant in this group--; EI: indeterminate epilepsies. The graphoelements study: morphology, localization, amplitude, time course (sites of appearance, culmination and disappearance) and of electrical fields: distribution, monopolar, bipolar or intermediary aspect was performed. In order to quantify the brain mapping data we established series of numeric parameters: maximal negative and positive values; sum of the negative and positive values; ratio of these values. EGS and EPS groups have very variable map imaging for a patient or from a patient to another, r1 ratio is lower to 0.33. Idiopathic epilepsies are characterised by the stability of imaging, in the EGI group aspect is frequently monopolar with a central negativity, r1 and r2 ratios are high (0.9 and 1.2); in the EPI group the aspect can be monopolar or bipolar, in the EPR the aspect is stable, longitudinal bipolar, r1 and r2 ratios are between 0.33 and 0.99. In the EGC, EPC and EI groups there is no typical imaging, the mapping aspect can be monopolar or bipolar, in EGC and EPC r1 ratio is between 0 and 0.99, in EI r1 and r2 ratios are low (r1 = r2 = 0.2). In the F group the monopolar aspect is frequent. We can note the stability of the electrical fields apportionment in idiopathic epilepsies which is explainable by the integrity of the cerebral potential propagation pathways in spite of a dysfunction responsible of the epileptic seizures, the presence of a lesion is one of the responsible factors of the instability of the brain mapping.
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PMID:[EEG spike focus topography: study of potential fields]. 798 37

The aim of this study is a clinical and electroencelographic analysis of those SSPE patients who suffered epileptic seizures in course of the disease. The material is based on an analysis of a computed database including 1180 case histories from multiple hospitalizations of 248 SSPE patients (141 males, 107 females) in years 1978-1995. The analysis was made using computer system EPI-INFO 6. The average age of SSPE onset was 12.3 +/- 4.5 (range 4-27.5). 74.2% of patients developed the disease before the age of 15. Epileptic seizures occurred in 43.5% (N = 108) of all SSPE patients in different stages of the disease. In 47 patients (M-21; F-26) they were observed among first SSPE symptoms, in 41 of those the seizures had the form of GTCS. Epileptic seizures were more frequent in patients with SSPE onset before the age of 15 (50.5%) than in patients with later onset (23.4%). More frequent occurrence of epileptic seizures and epileptiform changes in EEG in children under 15 can be associated with specificity of developmental age: immaturity of nervous and endocrine system and decreased convulsant threshold.
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PMID:[Epileptic seizures in relation to the age of SSPE onset]. 1046 23

The question whether personal or family history of convulsions is a contraindication to pertussis vaccine is answered by recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee. It is known that infants and young children who have had febrile or non-febrile convulsions are more likely to have convulsions after pertussis vaccine. A family history of seizures is not associated with such convulsions, however. In the U.S., risk of contracting pertussis is low, so pertussis vaccine can be deferred, and only DT (diphtheria-tetanus toxoid) inoculations can be offered until it is determined whether a neurological disorder is evolving. The procedure of evaluating seizures in children given pertussis vaccine is presented in a flow diagram. First, if the convulsions occur within 48 hours after a DPT dose, DT should be given. If a 3rd dose of DPT has been administered, and at least 6 months have elapsed since the last convulsion, DPT can be continued. If either case applies, a thorough physical exam and history, with lab tests should be done to evaluate whether an evolving neurological disorder is present: if not, DPT can be continued. A minimum of 3 doses of DPT at 4 week intervals is necessary to protect against whooping cough. Other contraindications include hypersensitivity to the vaccine and a severe reaction such as shock, persistent screaming, fever over 40.5 degrees C., or serious neurological symptoms. There is no evidence for a link between thrombocytopenic purpura or hemolytic anemia and pertussis vaccine.
EPI Newsl 1984 Aug
PMID:Contraindications to pertussis vaccine. 1228 Dec 68

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease, which is most dangerous to infants less than one year old. About half of the babies reported nationally to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as having the disease are hospitalized. As many as 16/100 babies reported with pertussis get pneumonia, and about 2/100 have convulsions. For those babies reported to have pertussis, about 1/500 has brain problems, some of which can become permanent, and about 1/250 will die because of complications from the disease. Serious illness is less likely in older children and adults. Pertussis vaccine is generally administered in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, known as DTP vaccine. A primary series of DTP keeps 70-90/100 children from getting pertussis, usually through the elementary school years at least. About half of the children who receive DTP vaccine will not experience any discomfort at all. Some will have minor problems such as soreness, swelling and redness where the shot was given; fever; fussiness; drowsiness; and loss of appetite lasting 1-2 days. Once per 100 to 1000 shots, moderate problems can occur: crying non-stop for 3 hours or more, fever of 105 degrees (F) or higher. For 1 shot in 1750, a child may experience a seizure (convulsions, fits, spasms, twitching, jerking, or staring spells) usually caused by fever, or collapse or fainting (becoming blue, pale, limp, and non-responsive). Very rarely, DTP causes long seizures, decreased consciousness, or coma that usually does not last. Permanent brain damage can very infrequently follow such acute brain problems. There are no tests that can tell in advance if a child will be adversely affected by the DTP vaccine. Definitely the benefits from the DTP vaccine far outweigh the risks for almost all children.
EPI Newsl 1994 Jun
PMID:Facts about pertussis and DTP vaccine. 1234 38

Neuropsychological tests were applied to 20 patients with focal epilepsy related to calcified neurocysticercosis (NCC) (mean: three lesions/patient; NCC group), 22 patients with focal epilepsy without NCC (EPI group), and 29 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and educational level. The EPI and NCC groups were matched for age at onset of epilepsy, epilepsy duration, frequency of attacks, seizure semiology, interictal EEG findings, and antiepileptic drugs used. There were no differences in the digit span, word span, calculus, and Mini-Mental State examination among the three groups studied. The NCC and EPI groups showed lower scores than controls in immediate and delayed verbal memory, famous faces test, spatial recognition span, abstractions and judgment, and visuoconstructional abilities. The EPI group, but not the NCC group, also had lower scores in a praxis tests. There were no differences between the NCC and EPI groups in any of the tests applied (P > 15), except for the spatial recognition span, which was lower in the former. Cognitive impairment is a prevalent neuropsychological feature of patients with epilepsy and NCC.
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PMID:Cognitive Performance of Patients with Epilepsy and Calcified Neurocysticercotic Lesions: A Case-Control Study. 1260 89

Multidrug resistance protein, also referred as P-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1; ABCB1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 1 (ABCC1) and 2 (ABCC2) are, thus far, candidates to cause antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance epilepsy. In this study, we investigated P-gp, MRP1 and MRP2 expression, localization and functional activity on cryosections and isolated human brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) from epileptic patients (HBMEC-EPI) with hippocampal sclerosis (HS), as compared with HBMEC isolated from normal brain cortex (HBMEC-CTR). We examined the expression and distribution of three transporters, P-gp, MRP1 and MRP2 on two major parts of the resected tissue, the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus (Gph). P-gp showed diffuse expression not only in endothelium but also by parenchymal cells in both the hippocampus and the Gph. MRP1 labeling was observed in parenchymal cells in the Gph. By contrast, MRP2 was mainly found in endothelium of the hippocampus. P-gp and MRP1 expression in the Gph was relatively high in the patient with long-term seizure history. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of HBMEC revealed that MDR1, MRP1 as well as MRP5 (ABCC5) and MRP6 (ABCC6) were overexpressed in HBMEC-EPI at the mRNA level. HBMEC from both normal and epilepsy groups displayed protein expression of P-gp, whereas MRP1 and MRP2 were seen only in HBMEC-EPI. Accordingly, it is of particular interest that MRP functional activities were observed in HBMEC-EPI, but not in HBMEC-CTR. Our results suggest that complex MDR expression changes not only in the hippocampus but in the Gph may play a role in AED pharmacoresistance in intractable epilepsy patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) by altering the permeability of AEDs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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PMID:Distribution and functional activity of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated proteins in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in hippocampal sclerosis. 1636 Oct 82

Preoperative DTI Fiber Tracking (DTI-FT) reconstruction of functional tracts combined with intraoperative subcortical mapping (ISM) is potentially useful to improve surgical procedures in gliomas located in eloquent areas. Aims of the study are: (1) to evaluate the modifications of fiber trajectory induced by the tumor; (2) to validate preoperative DTI-FT results with intraoperative identification of functional subcortical sites through direct subcortical stimulation; (3) to evaluate the impact of preoperative DTI-FT reconstructions in a neuronavigational setup combined with ISM technique on duration and modalities of surgical procedures, and on functional outcome of the patients. Data are available on 64 patients (52 low-grade and 12 high-grade gliomas). DTI-FT was acquired by a 3-T MR scanner with a single-shot EPI sequence (TR/TE 8986/80 ms, b=1000 s/mm) with gradients applied along 32 non-collinear directions. 3D Fast Field Echo (FFE) T1-weighted imaging (TR/TE 8/4 ms) was performed for anatomic guidance. The corticospinal tract (CST), superior longitudinal, inferior fronto-occipital and uncinatus fasciculi were reconstructed. Data were transferred to the neuronavigational system. Functional subcortical sites identified during ISM were correlated with fiber tracts depicted by DTI-FT. In high-grade gliomas, DTI-FT depicted tracts mostly at the tumor periphery; in low-grade gliomas, fibers were frequently located inside the tumor mass. There was a high correlation between DTI-FT and ISM (sensitivity for CST=95%, language tracts=97%). For a proper reconstruction of the tracts, it was necessary to use a low FA threshold of fiber tracking algorithm and to position additional regions of interest (ROIs). The combination of DTI-FT and ISM decreased the duration of surgery, patient fatigue, and intraoperative seizures. Combination of DTI-FT and ISM allows accurate identification of eloquent fiber tracts and enhances surgical performance and safety maintaining a high rate of functional preservation.
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PMID:Motor and language DTI Fiber Tracking combined with intraoperative subcortical mapping for surgical removal of gliomas. 1791 Oct 32

A better understanding of interstructure relationship sustaining drug-resistant epileptogenic networks is crucial for surgical perspective and to better understand the consequences of epileptic processes on cognitive functions. We used resting-state fMRI to study basal functional connectivity within temporal lobes in medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) during interictal period. Two hundred consecutive single-shot GE-EPI acquisitions were acquired in 37 right-handed subjects (26 controls, eight patients presenting with left and three patients with right MTLE). For each hemisphere, normalized correlation coefficients were computed between pairs of time-course signals extracted from five regions involved in MTLE epileptogenic networks (Brodmann area 38, amygdala, entorhinal cortex (EC), anterior hippocampus (AntHip), and posterior hippocampus (PostHip)). In controls, an asymmetry was present with a global higher connectivity in the left temporal lobe. Relative to controls, the left MTLE group showed disruption of the left EC-AntHip link, and a trend of decreased connectivity of the left AntHip-PostHip link. In contrast, a trend of increased connectivity of the right AntHip-PostHip link was observed and was positively correlated to memory performance. At the individual level, seven out of the eight left MTLE patients showed decreased or disrupted functional connectivity. In this group, four patients with left TLE showed increased basal functional connectivity restricted to the right temporal lobe spared by seizures onset. A reverse pattern was observed at the individual level for patients with right TLE. This is the first demonstration of decreased basal functional connectivity within epileptogenic networks with concomitant contralateral increased connectivity possibly reflecting compensatory mechanisms.
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PMID:Decreased basal fMRI functional connectivity in epileptogenic networks and contralateral compensatory mechanisms. 1866 6

A domestic shorthair kitten was presented for evaluation and further treatment of seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a large multilobulated mass in the third ventricle extending into the right lateral ventricle with secondary obstructive hydrocephalus. The mass was homogeneously isointense to gray matter on T2W, T2-FLAIR, T2* W, T1W, and ADC images, and hyperintense on DW-EPI. There was no appreciable contrast enhancement. Seizures were managed medically and with subsequent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Clinical status later deteriorated and the cat was euthanized. Histopathology confirmed that the mass was the result of neuronal heterotopia. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of neuronal heterotopia in a cat.
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PMID:IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF A NEURONAL HETEROTOPIA IN THE BRAIN OF A CAT. 2789 3


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