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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sulthiame has been used by most investigators in psychomotor seizures, other focal seizures and grand-mal, usually in conjuction with other anticonvulsants. Reports on its use in myoclonic epilepsy and as a sole anti-convulsant are few and inconclusive. The present report presents the results of a study carried out on the use of sulthiame in 54 cases of myoclonic epilepsies originating in infancy, childhood and adolescence. The different types of myoclonic epilepsy are defined. An illustrative case report is included. Results indicated that sulthiame is the drug of choice, often as the sole anti-convulsive agent, in cases of "juvenile myoclonic epilepsy". In the myoclonic encephalopathies of childhood (the so-called "minor motor epilepsy" or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome), which are notoriously refractory to therapy, sulthiame appears to be an efficacious adjunct to currently-used agents, including benzodiazepines, succinimides, dipropyl acetate, steriods and a ketogenic diet.
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PMID:The use of sulthiame- in myoclonic epilepsy of childhood and adolescence. 24 84

Clinical and electroensephalographic aspects of twenty seven (27) patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied (20 without previous West syndrome, group A, and 7 with this antecedent, group B). The epileptic seizures were characterized through descriptions made by relatives who were in close contact with the patients, and also by direct observation by the author in the clinic. The direct observation was possible due to high frequency of the seizures. Denominations were given to the manifestations not previously mentioned in the literature, according to the quality and eventual sequence of observable phenomena, in agreement with the terminology used by the Clinical and EEG Classification of Epileptic Seizures. The incidence, prognostic, clinical and evolutive aspects of elementary forms of epileptic seizures were discussed. Great variability of the convulsive seizures was verified, permitting their division into simple, complex and mixed forms.
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PMID:[The epileptic crises of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. I. Convulsive forms]. 40 1

Clinical and electroencephalographic aspects of partial and non convulsive forms of epileptic seizures of twenty seven (27) patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied (20 without previous West syndrome, Group A, and 7 with this antecedent, group B). The epileptic seizures were characterized through descriptions made by relatives who were in close contact with the patients, and also by direct observation by the author in the clinic. The direct observation was possible due to high frequency rates of the seizures. Denominations were given to the manifestations not previously mentioned in the literature, according to the quality and eventual sequence of observable phenomena, in agreement with the terminology used by the Clinical and EEG Classification of Epileptic Seizures. The incidence and clinical aspects of elementary partial and non-convulsive forms of epileptic seizures were discussed. Great variability of the non-convulsive seizures was verified permiting their division into simple, complex and mixed forms, similarly to the absences. Unilateral forms of atonic seizures were identified.
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PMID:[Epileptic crises of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. II. Partial and nonconvulsive forms]. 40 2

In 17 patients with a long course of epilepsy astatic seizures became apparent after the age of 14 years. In the patients' childhood astatic seizures had not been observed. The patients suffered from epilepsies with absences and awakening grand mal or psychomotor fits and sleeping grand mal. The EEG revealed spike-wave variant and spike-and-wave complexes as in the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Age dependency of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is discussed. The described type of epilepsy can be understood as a "Lennox-Gastaut syndrome of late onset".
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PMID:Epilepsies with astatic seizures of late onset. 40 36

Five cerebral-palsied children and adolescents with severe startle epilepsy became seizure-free after clonazepan was introduced into their existing anticonvulsant drug regimens. The drug was withdrawn in one case because of side effects. Two hemiparetic patients who had startle epilepsy as the only epileptic manifestation remained permanently controlled after a mean of 34 months of continuous therapy. Reappearance of startle-induced seizures occurred after 1 and 4 years in two other patients with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. A possible explanation for the effectiveness of clonazepan in this form of reflex epilepsy may involve inhibition of brainstem mechanisms mediating pathologically enhanced reactions in these patients, thus avoiding secondary activation of a discharging focus in the vicinity of the motor supplementary area.
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PMID:Effectiveness of clonazepan in startle-induced seizures. 47 44

The authors have reported a case of cerebral lipidosis (type Jansky-Bielschowsky) in which the presenting features appeared at the age of 2 years 10 months, and consisted of clonic seizures followed by atonic attacks and atypical absences. The association of seizures, severe mental disturbances and EEG abnormalities with an interseizure abnormality (diffuse slow waves) led to an initial misdiagnosis of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The diagnosis which is suspected on the basis of clinical features (epilepsy, mental deterioration, pyramidal features), EEG signs (spikes on photic stimulation at low frequency or isolated) and ophthalmological investigations (ERG reduced response, abnormal VERs) was eventually made by rectal biopsy.
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PMID:[A case of cerebral lipidosis with an atypical presentation (author's transl)]. 66 47

A study was carried out after i.v. administration of 200 mg/Kg of taurine on 37 epileptic patients in whom frequency and duration of seizures was considerable. Twenty-two subjects were given taurine for 15 consecutive days and then, once a week for a period of 6 weeks. In 5 control cases, the daily dosage wascontinued up to the 30th day; in 5 more, up to the 45th day and finally, in 5 up to the 60th day. Out of 37 patients 15 had temporal lobe epilepsy, 10 were cases of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 5 had generalised epilepsy, either convulsive or non-convulsive, 4 had H.H.E. syndrome and three brothers had myoclonic familial progressive epilepsy. In each group the results were similar and may be summarised as follows: I) both interictal activity and electroclinical seizures were reduced by about 30% within the first 10 days of administration; II) between the 30th and 45th day the ictal and interictal activity returned to its initial values; III) after this period, on the 60th day, values were similar to the initial ones; IV) as far as interictal activity is concerned, the same effect was found during nocturnal sleep; V) no significant changes were noticed in nocturnal sleep cycles and stages; VI) there was no apparent evidence that any phase of sleep might facilitate any improvement. Improvement was observed in about 50% of the cases (21) both physically and psychologically. The physical improvement was noticed above all in the appearence of the skin while the psychological improvement was mostly related to both attention and memory. Any pathological aspect of personality did not appear to be modified.
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PMID:[Therapeutic effects of taurine in epilepsy: a clinical and polyphysiographic study (author's transl)]. 81 84

Cclinical and electroencephalographic aspects of twenty seven (27) patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were studied (20 without previous West syndrome, group A, and 7 with this antecedent, group B). The epileptic seizures were characterized through descriptions made by relatives who were in close contact with the patients, and also by direct observation by the author in the clinic. The direct observation was possible due to high frequency rates of the seizures. Different clinical patterns were observed in patients who had and who had not previous history of West syndrome. The analysis of these differences permitted the identification of two groups of patients, although both of them had sharp and slow waves in the EEG. The clinical picture of each group was interpreted as the result of the stage of cerebral maturation at the time the diffuse epileptic encephalopathy occurred.
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PMID:[Comparison between the epileptic manifestation of the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome with and without previous West syndrome]. 82 82

Childhood epilepsies (not including the first 2 years of life) are outlined and discussed; particular emphasis is laid upon the variety of certain forms of epileptic conditions and their clinical course. These forms are divided as follows: a) The Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: a poly-etiological condition with distinct clinical-ictal and electroencephalographic characteristics, mostly associated with mental defects and prognostically unfavorable. b) "Common generalized epilepsy" (also called "centrencephalic" epilepsy), characterized by petit mal absences or a combination of petit mal and grand mal and with a predominantly favorable prognosis. c)Childhood epilepsies with focal spikes in the EEG, in most cases a very benign form with an excellent prognosis. These 3 forms of seizure disorders may be divided in subgroups. The distinction of fine diagnostic nuances is quite helpful but requires well integrated epileptological and EEG experience. The special role of temporal lobe epilepsy is briefly discussed. Furthermore, several etiologies of childhood etiologies are singled out such as inborn errors of metabolism (lipidoses, amino-acidurias), essential hereditary myoclonus epilepsy, tuberous sclerosis, Sturg-Weber's disease, encephalitis, brain tumor and brain abscess. The fringe of the seizure ("borderland of epilepsy") is briefly delineated.
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PMID:[Epilepsies in childhood: differential diagnosis of their forms and courses (author's transl)]. 82 45

Clonazepam or 5-(2-chlorphenyl)-1, 3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4benzodiazepin-2-one, is a close structural and pharmacological relative of nitrazepam. It has a broad spectrum of activity against the various types of epilepsy, and is effective in many patients whose condition has proved resistant to other antiepileptic drugs. Its chief uses are in status epilepticus, in which intravenous clonazepam may replace diazepam as the drug of first choice, and in the minor motor seizures of childhood, particularly petit mal absences, the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and infantile spasms. Clonazepam is also at least as effective as current treatment in psychomotor and myoclonic epilepsies, but seems unlikely to replace phenytoin and the barbiturates in the treatment of grand mal or focal motor seizures except in patients resistant to standard therapy. Initial success with clonazepam can be followed by loss of effect, but benefit can often be restored, at least initially, by temporary interruption and re-institution of treatment. Side-effects are common with clonazepam. Most patients experience drowsiness and fatigue, which are frequent causes of withdrawal, together with lesser incidences of ataxia, dystonia, hypotonia, and hyperactivity. These effects usually disappear with continued therapy, and are minimised by gradual introduction of the drug over 2-4 weeks. Hypersalivation and excessive bronchial secretion may be a problem in children and infants.
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PMID:Clonazepam: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in epilepsy. 97 34


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