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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The following neuropsychiatric disorders have been briefly described: alcohol withdrawal syndrome, delirium tremens, alcohol hallucinosis, Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome, seizures, tremor, Marchiafava-Bignami disease, central pontine myelinolysis, alcoholic amblyopia, alcoholic cerebellar degeneration cerebral atrophy, alterations of personality in chronic alcoholics, alcoholic polyneuropathy. The pathogenetical aspects as well as the pathological findings have been reviewed with special emphasis on nutritional factors.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric disorders of alcoholism. 91 47

Since the original observations of cerebral disconnection in experimental conditions with animal models, the surgical division of the cerebral commissures for control of seizure activity has led to the description of a human hemispheric disconnection syndrome. More recently, MR has revealed a spectrum of conditions of the forebrain responsible for the natural development and acquired occurrence of this unique commissural syndrome. Acutely, nonspecific expressions of disconnection may be observed; however, there are no explicit behavioral manifestations of this syndrome in the chronic state. The signs of stabilized hemispheric disconnection are only elicitable via sophisticated, neuropsychological testing performed by experienced technicians. Included in the present series of callosal pathology were individuals with agenesis, surgical section, infarction, trauma, glioma, and Marchiafava-Bignami disease. On specialized examination, the surgical "split-brain" patients illustrated the classic syndrome of a halt of interhemispheric transfer of information, a block of nondominant hemisphere access to language functions and an inhibition of dominant hemisphere access to superior visuospatial capacity. The nonsurgical subjects with developmental callosal agenesis and acquired pathologic processes involving the callosum revealed a varied, nonspecific reduction in cognitive function most probably related to associated extracallosal hemispheric pathology. No external abnormalities in behavior which could be attributed specifically to the callosal findings were identified chronically, although some progressive diseases suggested the presence of a subacute symptomatic phase of the disconnection syndrome. Any condition which causes the division, destructive insult, or primary ontogenic nondecussation of commissural axons will produce an interference in interhemispheric, interneuronal communication. This is manifested by individual degrees of covert interhemispheric data transfer arrest and of reduced bidirectional dominant-nondominant hemispheric access and telencephalic integrative capacity, consistent with a cerebral commissuropathy. This study reveals the MR equivalents of the hemispheric disconnection syndrome which occur in many nonspecific pathologic conditions of the cerebrum, but which result in few if any overt behavioral aberrations in the stabilized state.
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PMID:The MR equivalents of cerebral hemispheric disconnection: a telencephalic commissuropathy. 175 51

The consequences of alcoholism on the peripheral and central nervous system are discussed. Polyneuropathy is present in 30% of the alcoholics, whilst cranial nerve involvement is found in 5-25%. Alcoholic myopathy is only very rarely seen. Wernicke's encephalopathy is found at post mortem investigation in 1.8% of alcoholics, but is rarely clinically diagnosed. The Marchiafava-Bignamy syndrome and central pontine myelinolysis are rarely seen; alcoholic amblyopia which is seen in 0.5% of the hospitalised alcoholics is more frequent, but still a rare finding. Cerebral seizures are common in chronic alcoholics with an incidence varying from 5 to 37% according to the type of drinking habit and have, thus, to be categorised. Brain atrophy is a common finding and correlates with the duration and extent of the alcoholism.
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PMID:[Neurologic sequelae of alcohol]. 378 82

An analysis of four cases of lipomas of the corpus callosum with epilepsy, and a review of the literature, have led to the following conclusions: (1) Epilepsy as an almost constant feature is often severe, nearly always partial, and begins before the age of 15. (2) Pathophysiology of the seizures appears to be essentially an interhemispheric disconnection (rather than the classic theory that seizures depend upon an infiltration of the cingulate gyri by fibrous tissue growing out from the capsule of the lipoma). This disconnection is responsible for a facilitatory and disinhibitory action that favors the appearance of seizures caused by an epileptogenic lesion (the effects of which remain subthreshold in the presence of an intact corpus callosum playing its normal inhibitory role). This hypothesis is clearly applicable in explaining the epilepsies--in every way comparable--that are observed in agenesis of the corpus callosum and in Marchiafava-Bignami disease.
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PMID:Lipomas of the corpus callosum and epilepsy. 718 93

Subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics (SESA syndrome) is a rare disease entity following chronic alcohol ingestion. It is quite distinct from alcohol withdrawal syndromes, such as delirium, withdrawal seizures or CNS complications of alcohol, such as Wernicke-Korsakow syndrome, central pontine myelinolysis or Marchiafava-Bignami disease, and was proposed in 1981 by Niedermeyer and coworkers. This syndrome consists of multiple neurological deficits, such as hemiparesis or hemianopia, and of recurrent focal and generalized seizures associated with prominent EEG features (periodic lateralized discharges, PLEDs). A 72-year-old Caucasian male with chronic alcoholism and an otherwise unremarkable past medical history was admitted to our hospital because of several secondary generalized simple partial seizures. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated levels of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and of mean corpuscular volume. Other laboratory investigations and the CSF examinations on three occasions revealed normal values. Cranial computed and magnetic resonance tomography showed cerebral microangiopathy and generalized atrophy. Despite triple anticonvulsive therapy and an intravenous treatment with acyclovir and thiamine, the epileptic seizures persisted. Several EEGs revealed left parietooccipital periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs). The patient died of an intercurrent pulmonary infection about 3 months after the onset of symptoms. The described clinical picture resembles the symptoms of SESA syndrome.
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PMID:[Subacute encephalopathy with epileptic seizures in a patient with chronic alcoholism (SESA syndrome)]. 955 62

Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare disorder of an unknown aetiology but strongly associated with alcoholism. MBD primarily affects the corpus callosum leading to confusion, dysarthria, seizures and frequently to death. Over 250 cases from all races and from almost all nationalities have been reported, most cases being alcoholics. We report two cases with a favourable outcome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a typical lesion of the corpus callosum, in both patients. The patients, a 44-year-old male and a 40-year-old female, presented with depressed consciousness and a variety of other symptoms, but finally made a reasonably good recovery leading to home discharge. To the best of our knowledge, only one additional case of MBD from Scandinavia has been published. As alcoholism is a major public health problem in Scandinavia, we assume that MBD is underdiagnosed and/or under-reported. Non-specific general symptoms and encephalopathy in an alcoholic may harbour undiagnosed MBD. We suggest that the incidence of MBD may be higher and its prognosis may be milder than generally believed.
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PMID:Marchiafava-Bignami disease: two cases with favourable outcome. 1132 37

Chronic alcohol abuse causes several distinct diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. Widely known are the alcohol withdrawal syndrome, alcohol-induced epileptic seizures, alcoholic polyneuropathy and myopathy, and Wernicke's encephalopathy. Beside these complications, less common syndromes have been identified, including Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, subacute encephalopathy with seizure activity (SESA syndrome), and tobacco alcohol amblyopia. These syndromes can be diagnosed by their characteristic features in cranial MRI or in EEG. Moreover, certain disorders in which alcohol abuse is only indirectly involved in the pathogenesis are more frequent in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics. In daily practice, it is important to differentiate these disorders when encountering patients with chronic alcohol abuse.
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PMID:[Neurologic sequelae of chronic alcoholism]. 1266 5

Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is a rare central nervous system disorder of an unknown etiology strongly associated with alcoholism. MBD primarily affects the corpus callosum leading to confusion, dysarthria, seizures and frequently to death. About 250 cases of different races and nationalities, mostly alcoholics have been reported. We report a single-case study of a 43-year-old woman with the history of severe alcohol abuse, who demonstrated typical picture of Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) with fatal course. We reviewed the literature on cases of MBD.
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PMID:[Marchiafava-Bignami disease]. 1720 61

Alcoholism is the major cause of electrolyte and acid-base imbalance and nutrition deficiency. Ketoacidosis is one of major advised effect on alcoholism. Marchiafava-Bignami disease, a rare alcohol-related disorder, characterized by altered mental status, seizure, and multifocal central nervous system signs, which results from progressive demyelination and necrosis of corpus callosum. Here, we presented a 53-year-old man presented as decreased conscious level and 4 extremity rigidity on admission. Alcoholic ketoacidosis coincided with acute Marchiafava-Bignami disease had been confirmed by biochemistry examination and cranial magnetic resonance imaging. Aggressive hydration with 5% dextrose in normal saline and intravenous vitamin B complex were administered. The patient's symptoms completely recovered after ketoacidosis has been corrected 2 days later.
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PMID:Alcoholic ketoacidosis coincides with acute Marchiafava-Bignami disease. 2230 2

Marchiafava-Bignami disease (MBD) is a form of toxic demyelinating disease more often seen in chronic alcoholics. The disease process typically involves the corpus callosum and clinically often presents with altered sensorium, neurocognitive defects or seizures with acute cases often deteriorating to comatose state. The death rate is high. We report a rare case of MBD with complete clinical recovery. A 50-year-old male patient presented in an unconscious state and underwent MRI of the brain which showed significant lesions involving the corpus callosum. Following treatment with thiamine and supportive therapy, he improved clinically and a follow-up MRI revealed significant resolution of the earlier lesions. Diffusion-weighted MRI showed the changes more conspicuously as compared with conventional imaging. The clinical resolution corresponded well with the MRI pattern. The case highlights that diffusion-weighted MRI is an extremely useful tool in evaluation and prognostication of MBD.
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PMID:Acute Marchiafava-Bignami disease: clinical and serial MRI correlation. 2485 May 53


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