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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered L-aspartate (Asp) (20 mmol/kg) produced no behavioral or EEG change in nonkindled rats. Nonkindled rats that received 18, 19, or 20 mmol/kg Asp, dissolved in 10 or 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), i.p. developed masticatory movement, head nodding, and myoclonic jerks of the limbs, followed by wild running and subsequent tonic extension of the whole body. In contrast to the effects in nonkindled rats, i.p. injection of Asp 20 mmol/kg in 15% DMSO in amygdala-kindled rats precipitated electroclinical generalized seizures identical to kindled ones. When the kindled amygdala was pretreated with 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (2-APH), a potent and specific antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, the Asp/DMSO-induced generalized convulsion identical to kindled amygdala seizure was suppressed. 2-APH treatment of the contralateral amygdala was without such suppression. The results suggest that (a) Asp is ineffective when given alone (when given with DMSO, however, Asp evokes generalized seizures identical to kindled ones in amygdala-kindled rats, while it induces a qualitatively different generalized seizure in nonkindled rats; (b) NMDA receptors of the kindled amygdala play an important role in activation of the transsynaptic neurocircuit underlying the expression of kindled amygdala seizure; and (c) DMSO is useful in assessing potential central effects of compounds that do not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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PMID:Important roles of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in expression of amygdaloid-kindled seizure demonstrated by intraperitoneal administration of L-aspartate in dimethyl sulfoxide. 138 74

We studied all adult patients who between 1984 and 1989 were initially diagnosed at our hospital as having nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Thirty-two patients fulfilled the criteria, which included ictal EEG recordings. The annual incidence was 1.5 in 100,000 inhabitants. The median age at onset of status was 51 years. Ten patients had status as their first epileptic manifestation, but most patients had a previous history of epilepsy. Median duration of epilepsy at onset of status was 4 years. Fourteen patients had focal ictal seizure activity on EEG and thus met the criteria for complex partial status. Eighteen patients had generalized seizure activity on EEG, but only 6 of these had a history of absence epilepsy or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. None had Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The clinical features of status in the remaining 12 patients were in some respects similar to those of the patients with complex partial status. We hypothesize that the EEG seizure activity in these patients may have been generalized from an initial focus.
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PMID:Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in adults: thirty-two consecutive patients from a general hospital population. 139 25

The threshold for convulsions in rats can be determined by applying ramp-shaped pulse trains directly to the cerebral cortex in rats, which provides a convenient model for investigating anticonvulsant drug effects. This study was undertaken to extend a previous study on the properties of this model. Analysis of the cortical EEG, recorded from two motor areas and one somatosensory area, showed that the start of clonic forepaw movement, marking the convulsive threshold, is preceded by the appearance of sharp negative spikes at the electrodes in the two motor areas. There was a strong linear relation between the clinically determined threshold and the EEG derived threshold (r = 0.93, slope 0.99, SD 0.04), confirming the validity of the clonic movement threshold as an objective and accurate measure. Examination of the seizure patterns seen with various degrees of suprathreshold stimulation led to the distinction between a threshold for localized and for generalized seizure activity (TLS and TGS respectively). Carbamazepine selectively and strongly increased the TGS, whereas it only slightly affected the TLS, indicating that cortical stimulation can be used to select drugs that specifically prevent seizure spread, for which carbamazepine is a prototype. It was found that the TLS was not affected by testing at intervals as short as 1 min, provided that no self-sustained seizures were induced. However, if the TGS was passed, the TLS was increased substantially for at least 10 min, while complete recovery could take several hours. The intensity of stimulation, rather than seizure duration, appeared to be the determinant for the TLS increase. There was no seasonal influence or effect of stimulation electrode depth. There may be a minor effect of experience in using the test. It was concluded that the observed variability was mainly an intrinsic property of the individual animal.
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PMID:Properties of the convulsive threshold determined by direct cortical stimulation in rats. 139 37

Electroencephalographic and behavioral changes were observed after 2 micrograms of kainic acid (KA) injection through a chronically implanted cannula into unilateral caudate nucleus (CN) of freely moving and non-anesthetized cats. The control group showed no changes on EEG or behavior during the observation period. In KA group, from 2 to 5 minutes after KA injection, the cats showed contralateral circling. On EEG, focal spikes were elicited at the injected site of the right CN. From 15 to 25 minutes after the injection, secondarily generalized seizures were observed on EEG repeatedly. However, the behavioral change was not remarkable and only the behavioral arrest was observed during the electrographic generalized seizure. From 6 to 8 hours after injection, they showed clonic seizure of the contralateral hindlimb followed by generalized tonic-clonic convulsion. These seizures were frequent during 6 to 16 hours after injection. However, these seizures subsided within 48 hours after the injection and the cats became normal afterward. Histopathological examination revealed focal pyknosis and gliosis only at the injection site of caudate nucleus. The results suggested that an epileptogenic focus of the caudate nucleus demonstrated a rapid evolution from the focal seizure status to the secondarily generalized seizure status. This fact explains that the caudate nucleus may be a possible key structure as a relay nucleus for the secondary generalization of a focal seizure.
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PMID:[Kainic acid-induced generalized seizures in cats--microinjection into caudate nucleus]. 141 49

White rats were immunized against fragment of diazepam-binding inhibitor octadecaneuropeptide (ODN) with conjugate ODN bovine serum albumin. This rats have reduced reactions of fear and anxiety in stress model of "open field" and in conflict Vogel test; their pain sensitivity ("tail flick" test) was lowered. The number and intensity of generalized seizure reactions after injection of pentylenetetrazole were decreased. The results show that active immunization to endogenous ODN has stress--protective and anti-seizure effects.
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PMID:[Increase of seizure threshold and resistance to stress in rats after immunization against fragment of diazepam-binding inhibitor]. 142 Dec 24

1. The microinjection of KA into the unilateral caudate nucleus induces secondarily generalized seizure. 2. The caudate nucleus considered to be one of the important relay structures in the generalization of epilepsy. 3. In this model of caudate nucleus epilepsy, cats did not show spontaneous seizure or choreic movement in the chronic stage.
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PMID:Behavior and EEG changes of unanesthetized cats after kainic acid injection into unilateral caudate nucleus. 143 6

Intra-amygdaloid injections of gamma-glutamyltaurine, a recently identified brain dipeptide, strongly suppressed seizures in amygdala-kindled rats stimulated with intensities 10 or 50 microA above the generalized seizure triggering threshold (mean 82 microA). The suppressive effect persisted as long as 3 days. Taurine had relatively weak suppressive effects. Thus gamma-glutamyltaurine seems much more potent than taurine in the suppression of epileptic seizures when injected directly into the kindling site.
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PMID:Gamma-glutamyltaurine has potent and long-lasting antiepileptic action as demonstrated by intra-amygdaloid injection in amygdala-kindled rats. 145 Sep 62

The kindling response of the massa intermedia (MI) was assessed in rats. Clinical manifestation of the MI kindling was generally similar to that of limbic kindling, and positive transfer to the amygdala (AM) was obtained following MI kindling. However, MI kindling showed (1) a relatively high after discharge threshold which sometimes increased during the course of kindling, (2) a seizure stage instability with frequent regression to earlier stages, (3) a failure to establish a generalized seizure triggering threshold with an 'all-or-none' property, and (4) a generalized tonic-clonic seizure, which was quite different from a kindled limbic seizure, during early phase of kindling. Furthermore, the MI stimulation caused violent beating movement of the forelimbs, jumping, or running regardless of presence/absence of afterdischarge. The findings suggest that mechanisms other than a simple activation of limbic structures are involved in the process of MI kindling.
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PMID:Kindling of the massa intermedia of the thalamus in rats. 150 75

Intermittent rhythmic delta activity is reported in various disorders and is classified as a nonspecific abnormal electroencephalographic pattern. We have investigated its clinical and electroencephalographic features in childhood. Intermittent rhythmic delta activity was identified in 54 children over a period of 48 months. Epilepsy was present in 81%, 4% had only a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure, and 15% had no seizures. Generalized seizures were more common than partial seizures (83% versus 13%; 4% were mixed). The largest group of patients had idiopathic epilepsy. Epileptiform features were present in 70%. No patient identified prospectively has had a space-occupying lesion. Intermittent rhythmic delta activity should be considered an epileptiform pattern in children, most commonly occurring as an interictal pattern in primary generalized epilepsy.
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PMID:The epileptiform significance of intermittent rhythmic delta activity in childhood. 157 32

Amygdaloid-kindled rats received intravenous human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) either in free form or entrapped within liposomes (SOD-L), at 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg. The animals were stimulated at the generalized seizure-triggering threshold 5 min, 2 h and then every 24 h after the drug was given, until 5 consecutive stage 5 seizures were induced. Free CuZn-SOD had little or no effect. However, SOD-L, particularly at 10 mg/kg, had a prolonged anticonvulsant effect, although there was great individual variation in the onset and duration of seizure suppression. This effect of SOD-L may be due to the ability of liposomes to act as a depot for the sustained release of drugs.
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PMID:Anticonvulsant effect of liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase in amygdaloid-kindled rats. 161 22


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