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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence of cerebral seizures in alcoholics was investigated in case histories of 84 delirious and nondelirious male patients. Eighteen patients had seizures before they became alcoholics; the frequency of the seizures increased during abuse. Twelve had no deliria at all up to the moment of this investigation; in 66 of the patients the occurrence of seizures was assumed to be caused by alcohol abuse alone. Seventy-one patients had seizures irrespective of deliria and nearly 40% of them had no deliria at all. In 21% we observed only deliria with seizures; in 16% only deliria without seizures; and 24% had deliria both with and without seizures. The remaining 13 patients of 84 had only deliria complicated by cerebral seizures; only 3 had deliria without seizures. The seizures occurred as grand mal in 94% of the alcoholics, in all patients with genuine epilepsy, and in 60% of the patients with post-traumatic epilepsy.
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PMID:[Cerebral seizures, alcoholism, and deliria (author's transl)]. 12 Jul 31

Periodic brain stimulation, particularly in the limbic system, at stimulus intensities initially too low to produce any behavioural or EEG effects, progressively produces EEG changes, motor automatisms, and eventually convulsions, an effect called kindling. Data are presented and reviewed that suggest that the severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms progressively increases over years of alcohol abuse in a stepwise fashion similar to the kindling process. The model is presented that the limbic system hyperirritability which accompanies each alcohol withdrawal serves over time to kindle increasingly widespread subcortical structures. These long-term changes in neuronal excitability might relate to the progression of alcohol withdrawal symptoms from tremor to seizures and delirium tremens, as well as the alcoholic personality changes between episodes of withdrawal.
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PMID:Kindling as a model for alcohol withdrawal syndromes. 35 67

Among 472 adult seizure admissions to a municipal hospital, 41% had a history of alcohol abuse. Those were predominantly men aged 40 to 50 years. The primary underlying conditions were the alcohol withdrawal state (59%) and posttraumatic seizures. The nonalcohol groups included men and women equally, commonly between 20 and 40 years old, and frequent causes were vascular disease and posttraumatic seizures. However, many patients (24% in the alcohol and 39% in the nonalcohol groups) had no demonstrable cause. Focal sizures comprised 24% of the alcohol and 20% of the nonalcohol groups. Nonalcoholic focal seizures had a tumor or vascular lesion in 47%; above age 50 the association was 60%. Alcohol-related focal seizures had such a lesion in 15%, and only 19% above age 50. Conditions associated with alcoholic focal seizures were alcohol withdrawal and posttrauma sequelae.
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PMID:Seizure admissions to a city hospital: the role of alcohol. 100 Dec 83

The authors describe 11 cases of intracranial haemorrhage developing during grand mal attacks. The attacks were frequent or very frequent, sometimes they were connected with withdrawal of anticonvulsant treatment or alcohol abuse. In the clinical pattern of changes disturbances of consciousness predominated together with signs of increasing intracranial pressure. In only one case subarachnoid haemorrhage was recognized, in the remaining cases multiple or single intracranial haematomas were found and treated successfully surgically. The possibility of traumatic origin of intracranial haemorrhages may be suggested by presence of cranial fractures. In the material of the authors intracranial bleedings were present in 40.2% of epileptic patients who suffered craniocerebral injury during a seizure.
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PMID:[Post-traumatic intracranial bleeding in epilepsy]. 126 44

Seventy-eight patients with post-stroke seizures were studied retrospectively to determine the clinical, EEG and CT features of these seizures and their prognosis. There were 57 cerebral infarctions and 21 hemorrhages. Twenty-eight (36%) initial seizures occurred within one month after the stroke (0-24 hours in 19 cases) and were classified as early-onset seizures. Fifty (64%) initial seizures occurred more than 3 months after the stroke (3-12 months in 33 cases) and were classified as late-onset seizures. Compared with a population of 1938 strokes admitted during the same period, the proportion of patients with alcohol abuse, infarction in the anterior cerebral artery territory, watershed infarcts and lobar haemorrhages was significantly greater in our series. The proportion did not vary with the nature of the stroke (infarction or hemorrhage), except for early onset seizures in which the proportion of hemorrhages was significantly greater. Nor did it vary with the cause of hemispheric infarctions (cardioembolism or atherothrombosis or others). Ninety-five percent of the lesions affected the cerebral cortex or the subcortical white matter or both. Of all 78 initial seizures, 64% were partial motor (simple or secondarily generalized); 32% were primarily generalized, and 4% were partial not motor; status epilepticus was seen in 14% of the cases. An initial EEG, performed in 76 patients was normal in 7. Among the remaining 69 patients EEG showed focal or diffuse slowing down in 63% and epileptic features in 37% (including 10 cases of PLEDs). Early post-seizure EEG and repeated recordings significantly increased the specificity of EEG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Epileptic crisis during and after cerebrovascular diseases. A clinical analysis of 78 cases]. 130 71

The postconcussion syndrome refers to a large number of symptoms and signs that may occur alone or in combination following usually mild head injury. The most common complaints are headaches, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, loss of consciousness and memory, and noise sensitivity. Mild head injury is a major public health concern because the annual incidence is about 150 per 100,000 population, accounting for 75% or more of all head injuries. The postconcussion syndrome has been recognized for at least the last few hundred years and has been the subject of intense controversy for more than 100 years. The Hollywood head injury myth has been an important contributor to persisting skepticism and might be countered by educational efforts and counter-examples from boxing. The organicity of the postconcussion syndrome has now become well documented. Abnormalities following mild head injury have been reported in neuropathologic, neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, and neuropsychologic studies. There are multiple sequelae of mild head injury, including headaches of multiple types, cranial nerve symptoms and signs, psychologic and somatic complaints, and cognitive impairment. Rare sequelae include hematomas, seizures, transient global amnesia, tremor, and dystonia. Neuroimaging and physiologic and psychologic testing should be used judiciously based on the problems of the particular patient rather than in a cookbook fashion. Prognostic studies clearly substantiate the existence of a postconcussion syndrome. Manifestations of the postconcussion syndrome are common, with resolution in most patients by 3 to 6 months after the injury. Persistent symptoms and cognitive deficits are present in a distinct minority of patients for additional months or years. Risk factors for persisting sequelae include age over 40 years; lower educational, intellectual, and socioeconomic level; female gender; alcohol abuse; prior head injury; and multiple trauma. Although a small minority are malingerers, frauds, or have compensation neurosis, most patients have genuine complaints. Contrary to a popular perception, most patients with litigation or compensation claims are not cured by a verdict. Treatment is individualized depending on the specific complaints of the patient. Although a variety of medication and psychologic treatments are currently available, ongoing basic and clinical research of all aspects of mild head injury are crucial to provide more efficacious treatment in the future.
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PMID:The postconcussion syndrome and the sequelae of mild head injury. 143 59

The outcome in 165 subjects with either an unknown (n = 93) or an alcohol-related (n = 72) seizure etiology, admitted to the emergency room of a general hospital in 1977-1978, was assessed after 10 years on the basis of subsequent hospital records and death-certificate-based mortality data. Alcohol and/or drug poisoning was the most frequent cause of death in the group with alcohol-related seizures. Sixty-four percent of the deaths in this group were directly related to alcohol abuse. The crude mortality was 45.8 (expected 8.6)/100 persons/10 years in the group with alcohol-related seizures and 15.1 (expected 6.0)/100 persons/10 years in the other group, the odds ratio between the groups being 4.8. Twenty percent of those with an unknown seizure etiology were found to show alcohol-related seizures, while the seizure etiology remained unknown in 59%, and a specific etiology other than alcohol abuse was revealed in 21% during the follow-up period. We conclude that alcohol abuse is an important, though often undetected, seizure etiology carrying a poor prognosis. The difference in mortality between the groups was due more to alcoholism than to seizures. There was no difference in mortality between those with a first alcohol-related seizure and those with previous alcohol-related seizures.
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PMID:Outcome in subjects with alcohol-provoked seizures. 144 34

The toxicities of cocaine are far-ranging. They include sudden death, acute medical and psychiatric illness, infectious complications, reproductive disturbances, trauma, criminal activities and societal disruption, including child neglect and abuse and lost job productivity. This chapter focuses on the medical complications. Medical complications in general reflect the intense sympathomimetic activities of cocaine ('sympathetic neural storm'). Psychiatric complications include acute anxiety or panic and paranoid psychosis. Cardiovascular complications include arrhythmias and sudden death, acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, dissecting aneurysm and bowel infarction. Neurological complications include seizure, intracerebral haemorrhage and brain injury due to hyperthermia and/or seizures, and headache. The incidence of medical complications has been estimated using two databases collected prospectively in the United States. In 1989 and 1990 cocaine ranked first in total encounters, major medical complications and drug-related deaths. An attempt was made to assess the intrinsic toxicity of cocaine by computing the incidence of adverse health outcomes per population of drug abusers. Rates of emergency department visits and deaths were 15.1 and 0.5 respectively, per 1000 persons using drugs in the past year. The magnitude of the cocaine problem, while considerable, is relatively small compared with that of cigarette smoking or alcohol abuse.
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PMID:How toxic is cocaine? 163 9

The study was designed to determine the prevalence of alcoholism/problem drinking among emergency medical admissions. Of 203 emergency admissions to two medical wards, 18% were found to be problem drinkers, using the brief Michigan alcoholic screening test (MAST) questionnaire. Problem drinking was found in 31% of males and 5% of females. Most drinking was done with friends (77%) and at the "rum shop" (62%). Fifty-one per cent of problem drinkers started between the ages of sixteen and twenty years. Seventy per cent of all problem drinkers had a first degree family relative who drank compared to 28% of non-drinkers. A high prevalence of alcoholism (48%) was found among smokers. Housestaff detected just over half of male (56%) and female (60%) alcoholics who were MAST-positive. Medical diagnoses among MAST-positive patients were gastrointestinal (cirrhosis, pancreatitis and hepatitis) in 32%, neurological (delirium tremens, seizures and subdural hematoma) in 27% and cardiovascular (cardiomyopathy, heart failure and dysrhythmias) in 16%. The detected level of problem drinking is likely to cause significant morbidity, and allows an important opportunity for intervention. The use of questionnaire methods to screen for alcoholism needs further evaluation in the region.
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PMID:Questionnaire detection of problem drinkers among acute medical admissions. 189 23

Cocaine abuse is associated with a variety of severe acute neurologic complications. These include ischemic stroke, subarachnoid and intraparenchymal hemorrhage, syncope, seizures, and death. Eleven adult patients with cocaine-related seizures are reported. All were seen during the 1987 calendar year at the King/Drew Medical Center and Urban Comprehensive Epilepsy Program of Los Angeles. Three apparent clinical circumstances with defined methods of intake and time course after usage were identified in our cases. Seizures occurred 1) as acute provoked convulsions in patients known to have epilepsy, 2) spontaneously in otherwise normal individuals after acute snorting or "crack smoking," and 3) agonally with massive ingestion.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1990
PMID:Cocaine-related seizures in adults. 212 13


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