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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Intravascular lymphomatosis is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder characterised by intravascular distribution of neoplastic lymphoid cells (B- or T-lymphocites), what leads to occlusion of small vessels and causes signs and symptoms of disorder. Its initial predilection sites are the brain or the skin, and hematopoetic organs are usually spared. The signs and symptoms of the disorder are attributed to vascular occlusion. Clinical course is fatal, besides therapy. In our case disorder has started with partial epileptic seizures with secundar generalisation, and after that with motor aphasia, right hemiparesis, urinary incontinence and cognitive changes. She was hospitalized for several times, completely investigated, but with no conclusion. Seven months after apperance of symptoms, she died. And diagnosis was determined at autopsy. A myriad of neurological and systemic manifestations are putting us in an unequal position with this fatal disease. Early diagnosis can increase survival and decrease intensity of symptoms. So every new case is important as warning that we must not forget about this disease.
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PMID:[Intravascular lymphoma of the central nervous system]. 1469 48

Frontal lobe epilepsy is poorly understood and often unrecognized by health care workers caring for children. We sought to better characterize frontal lobe epilepsy in childhood and help delineate this condition from other nonepileptic events. We reviewed pediatric patients admitted to the Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at the University of Alberta Hospitals with a proven diagnosis of frontal lobe epilepsy. Twenty-two patients, 13 males and 9 females, were studied. Age of onset was variable from 10 months to 16 years (mean 7.5 years). Seizures were brief (30 seconds to 2 minutes), stereotypic, nocturnal (17/21), and frequent (3-22/night). Clinical features included explosive onset, screaming, agitation, stiffening, kicking or bicycling of the legs, and incontinence. The diagnosis of frontal lobe epilepsy was not made in any child before referral. The referring diagnosis was sleep disturbance (10), psychiatric problems (6), or other seizure types (6). Interictal electroencephalogram was usually normal (18/21). Long-term video electroencephalographic monitoring demonstrated frontal (9) or bifrontal (13) epileptic discharges. Magnetic resonance imaging was normal in most patients (18/21). Seizure control was difficult, with only half (11/21) the patients being controlled on medication. Three intractable patients went on to epilepsy surgery and became seizure-free. Frontal lobe epilepsy in childhood is a distinct epilepsy syndrome with characteristic features. The seizures are brief, stereotypic, nocturnal, and frequent. Electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging are usually normal. The condition is often misdiagnosed as a sleep disorder or psychiatric problem. Seizures are difficult to control but may respond to carbamazepine, valproic acid, or epilepsy surgery.
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PMID:Frontal lobe epilepsy in childhood. 1503 98

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic infection caused by a dimorphic fungus (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis). The most common lesions frequently occur in the bucopharinx mucosa. Other lesions occur in the adrenal glands, liver, bone, gastrointestinal tract, lungs and nervous system. We report here a case of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis. The patient was a 49 year-old male, who consulted due to neurological symptoms (cephalalgia, speech difficulty and one tonic clonic seizure with urinary incontinence) of eight months duration. Upon physical examination it was observed an emaciated male with nail clubbing, a skin ulcer with raised edges and a crusted bottom of 4 x 2 cm in diameter located in the right supraclavicular region and an ulcerated lesion in the left tonsil with edema. The rest of the physical examination reveled a discrete left side hemiparesis and pulmonary rales in the left hemitorax. The fungus was identified through direct examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The histopathology of suprarenal, lungs, brain and skin showed multiple paracoccidioidal granulomas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third case reported in the literature. We review the literature on the pathogenesis and prevalence of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis.
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PMID:Central nervous system paracoccidioidomycosis: case report and review. 1546 72

Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) need to be differentiated from epileptic seizures as the management varies for both. Presence of tongue biting, falling and urinary incontinence favors a diagnosis of epileptic seizures. We report two children with features suggestive of epileptic seizures that were eventually diagnosed as PNES with the help of video-EEG monitoring.
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PMID:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. 1552 34

Pertussis in adolescents and adults is common, endemic, and epidemic worldwide, and its incidence is reportedly increasing. Although a number of individuals suffer only a mild cough, many others have symptoms typical of pertussis, causing prolonged cough illness, frequent use of health care resources, missed work and a variety of complications. Symptoms experienced by adolescents and adults include sleep disturbance, weight loss, pharyngeal discomfort, influenza-like symptoms, sneezing attacks, hoarseness, sinus pain, headaches and sweating attacks. Even when symptoms are typical of pertussis, the diagnosis is often not considered in adolescents and adults because of a low awareness of the disease in these age groups. Contrary to common perceptions, complications of pertussis, including some that are serious, are not infrequent in adolescents and adults. These include urinary incontinence, rib fracture, pneumothorax, inguinal hernia, aspiration, pneumonia, seizures and otitis media. Despite underreporting, hospitalization of adults and adolescents does occur. Many believe that adolescents and adults are the groups most commonly infected with pertussis and are now the major source of contagion to infants and young children. Because of the considerable health burden, there is a need for improved vaccination strategies to prevent disease in adolescents and adults and to reduce the risk of transmission to vulnerable infants.
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PMID:Health burden of pertussis in adolescents and adults. 1587 23

Ifosfamide can be responsible for acute central neurotoxicity in children and adolescents treated for cancer. The signs of acute encephalopathy most frequently observed are: alteration of consciousness, cerebellar syndrome, asthenia, urinary incontinence, cranial nerve palsy, and seizures. Various combinations of these signs may occur, but disorders of consciousness and drowsiness are common. We describe the case of a young man presenting with reversible acute hypomanic disorder during ifosfamide-based chemotherapy and discuss the possible mechanisms of this toxicity.
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PMID:Ifosfamide neurotoxicity: an atypical presentation with psychiatric manifestations. 1626 98

A 58-year-old man presented with a balance disorder, followed by progressive memory disturbance, urinary incontinence and vomiting. MRI of the brain revealed multiple cavernous malformations, with recent haemorrhage from one of them, in the brainstem, causing a hydrocephalus. After treatment for the hydrocephalus, the symptoms resolved quickly. Cerebral cavernomas may cause epileptic seizures, haemorrhaging and progressive neurological deficits. Diagnosis is on the basis of the typical MRI pattern of a hyperintense core, surrounded by a hypointense rim of old blood. Treatment consists of surgery if the lesion is easily accessible and can be completely removed. Other options are gamma-knife surgery, stereotactic radiotherapy and conservative treatment.
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PMID:[Balance disorder and subacute hydrocephalus due to haemorrhage in a cerebral cavernous malformation]. 1632 Jun 70

We report herein the case of 32-year-old woman with situs inversus, thrombophilia, antiphospholipid syndrome and severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) with cerebral edema and epileptic seizures prior to menstruation. Seven days prior to regular menstruation she developed severe PMS, including headache, blurred vision, epileptic seizures, urinary incontinence, craving for food, depression and irritability. Papilledema was detected. Daily hormone analyses prior to and during menstruation confirmed an ovulatory cycle with extremely high progesterone, prolactin and insulin levels in the late luteal phase. From day 29 to day 31, progesterone and insulin decreased sharply and the estradiol/progesterone ratio changed, leading to epileptic seizures and the peak of her symptoms. Diuretic treatment was administered. All symptoms disappeared during the first few days of menstruation. A novel oral contraceptive, containing ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone, an antimineralocorticoid progestogen, was given during the next cycle and hormone analyses were repeated. All symptoms were reduced significantly and no cerebral edema and epileptic seizures occurred. This is the first report of a woman with severe PMS and cerebral edema being treated successfully with an oral contraceptive containing drospirenone.
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PMID:Drospirenone in the treatment of severe premenstrual cerebral edema in a woman with antiphospholipid syndrome, lateral sinus thrombosis, situs inversus and epileptic seizures. 1637 42

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used as a potential therapeutic tool in various neurological and psychiatric diseases including depression, Parkinson disease, spinocerebellar degeneration, epilepsy, urinary incontinence, movement disorders, chronic pain, migraine and chronic tinnitus, etc. Several reports showed the therapeutic effects of rTMS as a treatment of depression and Parkinson disease (PD), whereas others found no significant effects. It is by now not yet fully understood whether rTMS has a therapeutic effect on those diseases. The controversy arises from the differences of the stimulation parameters and evaluation methods of the effects in those studies. The Japanese multi-center, double blinded, sham stimulation controlled trial in 85 patients with PD showed an efficacy in both the rTMS-treated and sham stimulated patients. This result does not prove the efficacy of the rTMS in PD; on the other hand, it does not rule out the efficacy. Possible mechanism of favorable effects of rTMS is related to increasing the release of dopamine in the mesolimbic and mesostriatal system. The other Japanese multi-center, double blinded, sham stimulation controlled trial in 99 patients with spinocerebellar degeneration revealed significant therapeutic effects of rTMS in 51 patients with SCA6. We studied the effects of rTMS on seizure susceptibility in rats which prevented the development of status epilepticus of pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions. This finding suggests the possibility of therapeutic use of rTMS in epilepsy. Further studies should be performed aiming to reveal the optimal stimulation parameters, and are necessary to reveal the therapeutic role of the rTMS in neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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PMID:[Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of various neurological diseases]. 1644 38

A 33-year-old woman, with a 7-year clinical history of invasive thymoma treated at ages 26 and 30 years by thymectomy and radiation, presented with a generalized convulsion and loss of consciousness. Following the seizure there was no neurological deficit and normal tendon reflexes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain without gadolinium enhancement revealed multiple small lesions of high signal intensity on T2 and diffusion weighted images located in the cortical area beyond the temporal lobes. Brain biopsy demonstrated encephalitis with activated microglias and activated T-cell infiltration. Within 4 months of treatment with nothing other than anticonvulsant therapy, the lesions visible on the original MRI had completely disappeared and the patient was discharged with no neurological symptoms. The patient subsequently had two more episodes with a variety of symptoms such as incontinence, confusion, aphasia, apallial syndrome, and motor paresis. MRI following these episodes again revealed multiple lesions of similar appearance to those of the first episode, although in different locations, and much larger and more numerous. The patient had steroid pulse therapy after both episodes and the lesions noted on brain MRI disappeared within a few months with minimal neurological complications.
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PMID:Recurrent limbic and extralimbic encephalitis associated with thymoma. 1709 50


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