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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical approach has been made in eight patients with histoplasmosis of the central nervous system. All patients had no evidence of immunodepression. Time disease at diagnosis ranged from 6 to 108 months (median 36 months). Main signs and symptoms were: intracranial hypertension in 6 patients; impairment of memory in 4; confusion in 4; seizures in 2; urinary incontinence in 2; sexual impotency in 1. Meningo-encephalitic form was present in 6 patients, while the granulomatous form was found in 2. Diagnostic confirmation was based on: biopsy, in 1 case; necropsy, in 2 cases; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sediment culture, in 1; detection of antibodies against Histoplasma capsulatum in the CSF, in 5 cases. There was, in all patients, an expressive difference between CSF alterations (intense, merging acute and chronic phase elements) and clinical symptomatology (patients in general oligosymptomatic).
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PMID:[Histoplasmosis of the central nervous system. Clinical aspects in 8 patients]. 827 82

An outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 occurred in a kindergarten in Saitama, Japan from September to November, 1990. Seven patients admitted to our hospital showed neurological manifestations: generalized seizures, impaired consciousness, urinary incontinence, gaze nystagmus, phrenic nerve palsy, action tremor and vertigo. Two patients died. On the basis of the clinical courses and laboratory findings of the seven patients and postmortem findings of one case, these neurological symptoms were suspected to be induced by the verotoxin elaborated by Escherichia coli O157:H7.
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PMID:Neurological manifestations of hemorrhagic colitis in the outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in Japan. 851 21

Three patients, two men of 21 and 38 years and a woman of 20 years old, showed atypical seizures with motor agitation without tongue bite, incontinence or postictal confusion. After extensive video-EEG registration frontal lobe epilepsia was diagnosed. This is a relatively recently recognized disease entity.
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PMID:[Paroxysmal and bizarre motor agitation as manifestation of partial frontal lobe epileptic seizures]. 866 79

Syncope in the aviation environment can be a very difficult problem to assess. Even more difficult is the differential diagnosis between convulsive syncope and epilepsy after the first event. This paper discusses syncope in general and the differential diagnosis between vasovagal syncope and other forms of syncope. About 50% of all syncopal episodes cannot be identified as to etiology. However, a benign outcome for a single syncopal episode, non-cardiac in origin, is the norm. The diagnosis of syncope is discussed, emphasizing that a meticulous history from an observer or the patient, a good physical examination, and an ECG are the cornerstones of diagnosis. Other diagnostic venues are discussed. Convulsive syncope occurs in only about 12% of syncopal episodes, 65% of these being vasovagal in origin. The other 35% are due to a variety of causes. We found no good algorithm to differentiate convulsive syncope from epilepsy. We reviewed the literature to develop a differential diagnostic table, focusing on: age, awake status, position, emotional/physiologic stressors, onset, aura, appearance, injury on falling, seizure characteristics, automatism, length of unconsciousness and subsequent confusion, pulse characteristics, blood pressure, urinary incontinence, seizure duration, recovery time post-event, post-seizure sequelae, amnesia, posture vs. recovery, EEG characteristics, and the value of sophisticated diagnostic procedures.
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PMID:Convulsive syncope in the aviation environment. 874 17

From September 1994 to April 1995, we encountered eight children, two boys and six girls, (aged 1 year 6 months to 9 years), presented with acute diarrhea followed by afebrile, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or transient loss of consciousness with urine incontinence. Their biochemical data, including serum electrolyte levels, were within normal limits. The infective agent causing diarrhea was later proved by stool examination to be rotavirus, judged to be serotype G1 by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) typing. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations performed in seven of the eight patients were within normal limits, and cultures for bacteria and virus were negative. The electroencephalograms (EEGs) performed from 1 to 13 days after seizure showed abnormal in six, and normal in two, patients. Follow-up EEGs, performed from 4 to 11 months after onset of seizure, were all normal. None had seizure recurrence despite the fact that no long-term anticonvulsant had been given. From observation here, the authors emphasize that there is a close relationship between rotavirus and afebrile seizure, and the course of afebrile seizure following rotavirus gastroenteritis is usually benign. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying pathogenesis.
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PMID:Rotavirus gastroenteritis associated with afebrile seizure in childhood. 875 76

Loss of consciousness and falling are the key features of syncope. Common accompaniments include tonic and myoclonic muscle activity, eye deviations, automatisms, vocalizations and hallucinations which may render the distinction from epileptic seizures difficult. Differential diagnosis is based on the specific features and not the mere presence of these phenomena. Recognition of syncope depends also on accurate information about precipitants, premonitory symptoms and postictal events: the absence of postictal confusion has been identified as the single most powerful factor discriminating syncope from epileptic seizures whereas incontinence and head injury are common in both conditions. Investigations such as electroencephalogram, tilt testing and postictal prolactin or creatine kinase levels may be helpful but are never diagnostic in isolation. Exceptionally, hypoxic and epileptic mechanisms interact within a single attack.
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PMID:Recognizing syncope: pitfalls and surprises. 877 33

We report 10 cases of children with pseudoseizures who presented to a pediatric emergency department. Half of the patients were teenagers and seven were female. None of the patients had incontinence, and none was injured during the "seizure." All but one patient had invasive procedures or laboratory tests performed in the emergency department, and six of 10 patients were given anticonvulsants. Pseudoseizures are often confused with generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
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PMID:Pseudoseizures in the pediatric emergency department. 880 42

Legionella is a frequent etiologic agent in the development of both nosocomial and community acquired pneumonias. Involvement of the nervous system is common in Legionella infections. We present a case of Legionnaires' disease which illustrates distinctive neurologic findings including delirium and cerebellar dysfunction. Furthermore, this paper reviews the neurological and psychiatric features of 609 Legionella infected patients with involvement of the nervous system. The most common signs were disorientation (58%), headache (52.4%), and somnolence (39.7%). Less frequent or rare were: cerebellar dysfunction (11.2%), hallucinations (8.4%), agitation or stupor (4.1%), affective disorders (3.1%), peripheral neuropathy (2.8%), pyramidal disturbances (2.1%), memory loss (1.6%), seizures (1.5%), cranial nerve palsies (1.5%), incontinence (0.7%), and extrapyramidal disturbances (0.3%). Cranial CT scans, cerebrospinal fluid findings, and nerve and muscle biopsies were usually unremarkable. Neuropathologic examinations failed to demonstrate specific characteristics. Hyponatremia and serum CPK level elevation were present in up to 89% and 50% of patients, respectively. Prognosis of disturbances of the nervous system was mainly good. We conclude that in the presence of definite neurological findings, pulmonary infection, hyponatremia, and CPK elevation Legionella infection should be considered.
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PMID:[Neurologic and psychiatric symptoms of legionella infection. Case report and overview of the clinical spectrum]. 927 65

Confusion between syncope and epileptic seizures is a common problem in clinical practice. Recently, new insights into the phenomenology of transient cerebral hypoxia have been gained from video analysis of experimentally induced syncope. Common elements of syncope include multifocal and generalized myoclonus, tonic body extension, automatisms, vocalizations, eye deviations and hallucinations. Thus, it is not the presence or absence of these features but their specific character that distinguishes syncope from epileptic seizures. Other clues for differential diagnosis include precipitating factors, premonitory symptoms and postictal events, such as tongue bites and postictal confusion, which has been identified as the single most powerful factor discriminating syncope from epileptic seizures. In contrast, incontinence and head injury are common in both conditions. Investigations such as electroencephalogram, tilt testing and postictal prolactin or creatine kinase levels may aid diagnosis but are never diagnostic in isolation. In rare cases, hypoxic and epileptic mechanisms may interact within one attack.
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PMID:[Syncope. Phenomenology and differentiation from epileptic seizures]. 938 Feb 6

Clinical and neuropsychological studies of the outcomes of surgical treatment in patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the gyrus cinguli were conducted. Preoperative examination revealed predominantly memory disorders in 38 cases. Of them 5 cases had amnestic disturbances similar to those of the Korsakoff syndrome. Autonomic and epileptic seizures were not common. Thirty eight patients underwent surgery. Memory deterioration was recorded in 23 cases postoperatively. Three patients developed a "new" Korsakoff syndrome. The rate of deterioration of memory disorders showed a clear correlation with the extent of gyrus cinguli destruction and degree of corpus callosum integration to AVM nidus. The qualitative analysis of amnestic syndromes demonstrated that the majority of patients developed pre- and postoperative disorders of trace selectivity, the insight incontinence of the story essence accompanied by diminished critical attitude towards their condition. This pattern of defects was similar to the clinical features of the amnestic syndrome in patients with frontal lobe lesions. Combined damage of frontal lobes and their connections (with gyrus cinguli in this case) is of great importance in the formation of a clinical picture in man. The findings should be taken into consideration when surgical policy is to be analyzed.
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PMID:[The clinical neuropsychological aspects in the surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the gyrus cinguli]. 972 Jan 59


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