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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to accelerate welfare and nutrition programs for women and children in tribal, hilly, and backward areas of India, the government of India has accepted the National Program of Integrated Services. Delivery of these services is coordinated by the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). The package of services for prenatal women include physical and obstetrical exams; serial recording of weight, blood pressure, hemoglobin, and urinalysis; tetanus immunization; iron (60 mg) and folic acid (.5 mg) tablets; food supplements; identification and referral of high-risk mothers; and health education on antenatal care, breast feeding, child rearing, and family planning. Postnatal women received 2 home visits within 10 days of delivery and make 1 visit after 1 month of delivery. These visits cover general health, breast feeding, delivery records, infant health, and birth control measures. Food supplementation continues for nursing mothers. All women 15-44 years of age receive health and nutrition education. Specially organized courses, campaigns, home visits by anganwadi workers, cooking demonstrations, and mass media emphasize simple messages regarding health and nutrition. Areas that are covered include family welfare; antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal care; breast feeding; immunization; prevention of such common communicable diseases as malaria, tuberculosis, and leprosy; weaning and supplementary feeding; improvement of children's nutritional status; balanced diet; food storage, preparation, cooking, and serving; eye and ear care; personal and environmental hygiene; sanitation; management of acute respiratory infections; management of diarrhea; and control and treatment of internal parasites. The mobile food and extension units of the Department of Food are utilized. Pregnant and nursing mothers belonging to families of landless agricultural laborers, of marginal farmers, of the scheduled caste, of the scheduled tribe, and of poorer sections of the community are chosen for this program. Special care is given to pregnant women who: are pregnant for the 1st, 3rd, or 4th time; have gained less than 6 kg; are younger than 18 or older than 35; have had frequent or twin pregnancies; have a history of miscarriage or preterm delivery; are anemic; or have a history of edema, hypertension, or seizure. Personnel, who are monitored, receive training supplemented by reorientation and continuing education.
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PMID:Health and development of mothers through system of ICDS. 1228 36

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious disease, which is most dangerous to infants less than one year old. About half of the babies reported nationally to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as having the disease are hospitalized. As many as 16/100 babies reported with pertussis get pneumonia, and about 2/100 have convulsions. For those babies reported to have pertussis, about 1/500 has brain problems, some of which can become permanent, and about 1/250 will die because of complications from the disease. Serious illness is less likely in older children and adults. Pertussis vaccine is generally administered in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines, known as DTP vaccine. A primary series of DTP keeps 70-90/100 children from getting pertussis, usually through the elementary school years at least. About half of the children who receive DTP vaccine will not experience any discomfort at all. Some will have minor problems such as soreness, swelling and redness where the shot was given; fever; fussiness; drowsiness; and loss of appetite lasting 1-2 days. Once per 100 to 1000 shots, moderate problems can occur: crying non-stop for 3 hours or more, fever of 105 degrees (F) or higher. For 1 shot in 1750, a child may experience a seizure (convulsions, fits, spasms, twitching, jerking, or staring spells) usually caused by fever, or collapse or fainting (becoming blue, pale, limp, and non-responsive). Very rarely, DTP causes long seizures, decreased consciousness, or coma that usually does not last. Permanent brain damage can very infrequently follow such acute brain problems. There are no tests that can tell in advance if a child will be adversely affected by the DTP vaccine. Definitely the benefits from the DTP vaccine far outweigh the risks for almost all children.
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PMID:Facts about pertussis and DTP vaccine. 1234 38

Intrahippocampal tetanus toxin induces a period of chronic recurrent limbic seizures in adult rats, associated with a failure of inhibition in the hippocampus. The rats normally gain remission from their seizures after 6-8 weeks, but show persistent cognitive impairment. In this study we assessed which changes in cellular and network properties could account for the enduring changes in this model, using intracellular and extracellular field recordings in hippocampal slices from rats injected with tetanus toxin or vehicle, 5 months previously. In CA1 pyramidal neurones from toxin-injected rats, the slope of the action potential upstroke was reduced by 32%, the fast afterhyperpolarisation by 32% and the slow afterhyperpolarisation by 54%, suggesting changes in voltage-dependent conductances. The excitatory postsynaptic potential slope was reduced by 60% and the population synaptic potential slope was reduced at all stimulus intensities, suggesting a reduced afferent input in CA1. Paired-pulse stimulation showed an increase of the excitability ratio and an increase of cellular excitability only for the second pulse, suggesting a reduced inhibition. The polysynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potential was reduced by 34%, whereas neither the inhibitory postsynaptic potential at subthreshold stimulus intensities,nor the pharmacologically isolated monosynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic potential were different in toxin-injected rats, suggesting a reduced synaptic excitation of interneurones. Stratum radiatum stimuli in toxin-injected rats, and not in controls, evoked antidromic activation of CA1 neurones, demonstrating axonal sprouting into areas normally devoid of CA1 pyramidal cell axons.We conclude that this combination of enduring changes in cellular and network properties, both pro-epileptic (increased recurrent excitatory connectivity, reduced recurrent inhibition and reduced afterhyperpolarisations) and anti-epileptic (impaired firing and reduced excitation), reaches a balance that allows remission of seizures, perhaps at the price of persistent cognitive impairment.
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PMID:Tetanus toxin induces long-term changes in excitation and inhibition in the rat hippocampal CA1 area. 1237 53

A key question in epilepsy is the organization and size of the neuronal networks necessary for generating seizures. Hypotheses include: a single focal neuronal network drives seizure discharges across the brain, which may or may not be identical with the circuits that generate interictal spikes; or multiple neuronal networks link together in re-entrant loops or other long-range networks. It remains unclear whether any of these hypotheses apply to spontaneous seizures in freely moving animals. We used the tetanus toxin chronic model of epilepsy to test the different predictions made by each hypothesis about the propagation and interaction of epileptic discharges during seizures. Seizures could start in either the injected or noninjected dorsal hippocampus, suggesting that seizures have multifocal onsets in the tetanus toxin model. During seizures, individual bursts propagated in either direction, both between the right and left dorsal hippocampi, and between CA3 and the dentate gyrus in the same hippocampus. These findings argue against one site "driving" seizures or seizures propagating around a limbic loop. Specifically, the side leading each burst switched a median of three times during the first 20 s of a seizure. Analysis of bursts during seizures suggested that the network at each recording site acted like a neuronal oscillator. Coupling of population spikes in right and left CA3 increased during the early part of seizures, but the cross-correlation of their whole-discharge waveforms changed little over the same period. Furthermore, the polarity of the phase difference between population spikes did not follow the phase difference for complete discharges. We concluded that the neuronal aggregate necessary for seizures in our animals comprises multiple spatially distributed neuronal networks and that the increased synchrony of the output (population spike firing) of these networks during the early part of seizures may contribute to seizure generation.
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PMID:Investigation of the neuronal aggregate generating seizures in the rat tetanus toxin model of epilepsy. 1246 18

We were initially highly skeptical that differences in the concentrations of thimerosal in vaccines would have any effect on the incidence rate of neurodevelopmental disorders after childhood immunization. This study presents the first epidemiologic evidence, based upon tens of millions of doses of vaccine administered in the United States, that associates increasing thimerosal from vaccines with neurodevelopmental disorders. Specifically, an analysis of the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) database showed statistical increases in the incidence rate of autism (relative risk [RR] = 6.0), mental retardation (RR = 6.1), and speech disorders (RR = 2.2) after thimerosal-containing diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines in comparison with thimerosal-free DTaP vaccines. The male/female ratio indicated that autism (17) and speech disorders (2.3) were reported more in males than females after thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccines, whereas mental retardation (1.2) was more evenly reported among male and female vaccine recipients. Controls were employed to determine if biases were present in the data, but none were found. It was determined that overall adverse reactions were reported in similar-aged populations after thimerosal-containing DTaP (2.4 +/- 3.2 years old) and thimerosal-free DTaP (2.1 +/- 2.8 years old) vaccinations. Acute control adverse reactions such as deaths (RR = 1.0), vasculitis (RR = 1.2), seizures (RR = 1.6), ED visits (RR = 1.4), total adverse reactions (RR = 1.4), and gastroenteritis (RR = 1.1) were reported similarly after thimerosal-containing and thimerosal-free DTaP vaccines. An association between neurodevelopmental disorders and thimerosal-containing DTaP vaccines was found, but additional studies should be conducted to confirm and extend this study.
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PMID:Neurodevelopmental disorders after thimerosal-containing vaccines: a brief communication. 1453 May 5

Injection of more than ten mouse lethal doses of tetanus toxin into cat's motor cortex produces seizures accompanied by cortical electrical convulsive discharges. During the hours preceding onset of large seizures, "antidromic" inhibition of evoked cortical activity is reduced. The similarity of these effects to those observed in spinal cord suggests operation of similar inhibitory transmitters in the two parts of the central nervous system.
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PMID:Action of tetanus toxin in the cerebral cortex. 1387 78

A 3 year review of neurologic admissions into the adult medical wards at the UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria between January 1998 and December 2000 is presented. The study design involved the scrutiny of the records of all the neurological admissions, male and female to the medical ward. The identified cases were then classified and only cases confirmed as neurological were further analysed. Stroke, predominantly non-hemorrhagic accounted for 50.4% of cases for the period of study. Stroke is therefore the most common cause of adult neurologic admissions on medical wards of UCH. Central nervous system infections, comprising mainly of tetanus and meningitis accounted for 14.2% (111) and 12.4% (97) of case respectively. The myelopathies were the cause of neurologic admissions in 8.1% (63) of cases followed by seizure disorders. Headache was the reason for admission in 0.9% (7) of cases. Parkinsons disease, hypertensive encephalopathy, Guillian Barne syndrome, seasonal ataxic neuropathy, cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis, normal pressure hydrocephalus were rarely the cause of admission. Similarly, dystonia, and cerebral malaria recorded 0.13% (1) of cases each. A case is made for the establishment of regional stroke units in Nigeria.
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PMID:A 3-year review of neurologic admissions in University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria. 1452 26

In this review we discuss the relationship between commonly administered childhood vaccines such as diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis (DTP) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and the risk of nonfebrile and febrile seizure. We summarize data from the Vaccine Safety Datalink Study and other studies that suggest that DTP and MMR vaccine are associated with a transiently increased risk of febrile seizures, and cause between 5-9 and 25-34 additional extra febrile seizures per 100 000 immunized children, respectively. DTP and MMR do not appear to increase the risk of nonfebrile seizures. We discuss some methodologic challenges in studies of vaccines and seizures. Because there is no adequate comparison group that would allow for the study of seizures long after vaccination, studies of seizures are limited to acute events shortly following vaccination. Additionally, while seizures following vaccination are worrisome to parents and physicians alike, observational studies of the neurodevelopmental outcomes of these children are particularly problematic. We discuss how such studies are confounded by the natural history of predisposition to febrile seizures and by the increased diagnostic scrutiny that children with febrile seizures might undergo. Nevertheless, current data suggest that children with febrile seizures do not experience long-term negative effects.Finally, we discuss the creation of new clinics designed specifically to assist physicians in managing the vaccination of children with a personal or family history of seizures. Data from these clinics suggest that vaccination is safe for children with a personal or family history of seizures, but statistical power has been limited. We conclude by discussing the introduction of new vaccines, and note that, even with widespread use, it will take many years before we can be knowledgeable about the risk of rare events with these newly licensed products.
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PMID:Placing the risk of seizures with pediatric vaccines in a clinical context. 1458 Feb 21

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is known to occur spontaneously in association with specific and non-specific viral illnesses and after vaccination against various pathogens. Although it is often a self-limited monophasic illness, the fatality rate is estimated to be as high as 20%, and many patients suffer residual neurologic impairment 1. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical and radiological findings. The clinical presentation varies from merely, an asymptomatic condition to loss of consciousness, seizures, ataxia, optic neuropathy, cranial nerve palsies, and motor dysfunction. MRI of the brain is the single most important diagnostic radiological investigation and can facilitate early diagnosis and prompt treatment. This case report describes a patient with ADEM presenting with only seizures after vaccination with anti-tetanus toxin.
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PMID:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) presenting with seizures secondary to anti-tetanus toxin vaccination. 1519 Jun 71

In experimental models of epilepsy, single and recurrent seizures are often used in an attempt to determine the effects of the seizures themselves on mammalian brain function. These models attempt to emulate as many features as possible of their human disease counterparts without many of the confounding factors such as underlying disease processes and medication effects. Numerous models have been used in the past to address different questions. Nevertheless, the basic questions are often the same: 1. Do seizures cause long-term damage? 2. Do seizures predispose to chronic epilepsy (epileptogenesis), that is long-term spontaneous repetitive seizures? 3. Are these results developmentally regulated? 4. Are the underlying mechanisms of epileptogenesis and brain damage related? In pursuing these questions, the goal is to determine how seizures exert their effects and to minimize any side effects from the methods employed to induce the seizures themselves. This requires a detailed characterization of the methods used to induce seizures. In this chapter, we will review the literature regarding the tetanus toxin model of chronic epilepsy with regard to its mechanisms of action, clinical comparisons, how it is experimentally implemented and the results obtained thus far. These results will be compared to other models of chronic epilepsy in order to make generalizations about the effects of repetitive seizures in adult and early life. At this time, it appears that repetitive seizures cause long-term changes in learning ability and may cause a predisposition to chronic seizures at all ages. In younger animals, both features of learning impairment and epilepsy are not typically associated with cell loss as they are in adult animals. At all ages, some form of synaptic reorganization has been demonstrated to occur.
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PMID:The tetanus toxin model of chronic epilepsy. 1525 May 97


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