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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence of adverse events temporally associated with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP) has led to consideration of a delay in the schedule of initial vaccination. We developed an inferential model estimating the changes in pertussis- and DTP-associated health outcomes that might occur if initial DTP administration were delayed from 2, 4, and 6 months to 8, 10, and 12 months of age. An additional 636 cases of pertussis--115 of which would be associated with complications, including two encephalopathies--were projected to occur under the proposed as compared to the current schedule. Adverse medical events attributable to the vaccine were assumed to remain unchanged following the change in schedule. We projected 353 fewer chance associations with sudden infant death syndrome but 1311 more chance associations between DTP and seizures. These estimates suggest that the current schedule of vaccinating infants at 2, 4, and 6 months of age is casually associated with less morbidity and should be continued.
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PMID:Estimated effects of a delay in the recommended vaccination schedule for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine. 349 56

Injecting tetanus toxin into rat hippocampus induces a syndrome of intermittent generalized seizures which recurs for about one month. Following remission from their seizures, the rats exhibit very persistent impairments of learning and memory. Learning was impaired on a circular platform task and a spatial reference memory task, and evoked responses from the commissural-CA3 pyramidal cell system were depressed for up to 22 weeks after injection. There was no significant loss of pyramidal neurons because antidromic responses, evoked from other parts of the commissural fibre system, were not affected by the toxin treatment. The depression of these pyramidal neurons provides a reasonable physiological explanation for the learning impairment. These results suggest that impairments of neuronal function can be significant factors in the development of interictal behavioural abnormalities.
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PMID:Physiological and behavioural consequences of seizures induced in the rat by intrahippocampal tetanus toxin. 356 34

We previously described how the EEG activity recorded during kindling-inducing tetanic stimulation, from the site of stimulation, consists of three major components. Here, we investigate the nature and role of component 1, an initial evoked potential, seen at the beginning of tetanus, and we compare it with the potential evoked by single-pulse stimulation and with the spontaneous interictal discharges seen after kindling in both the amygdala and hippocampus. The amplitude of component 1 increased during kindling, and the waveform, latency, and stimulus-response curve of component 1 were all similar to those of potentials evoked by single-pulse stimulation. Furthermore, in acute experiments, in which the amygdala was kindled by tetanic stimulation at 1-h intervals, the evoked potentials in the amygdala and pyriform cortex were markedly potentiated, whereas no obvious potential was recorded at the same latency from the ventral or dorsal hippocampus, subiculum, nor the prepyriform region. Thus, we conclude that, in the case of amygdala kindling, the nature of component 1 is a local direct and monosynaptic response involving the amygdala and pyriform cortex, and that the increased amplitude of component 1 after kindling may be related to long-term potentiation. Although the single-pulse stimulation produced late burst-like components in the amygdala and hippocampus after kindling, it produced neither EEG suppression, well-formed rhythmic synchronous bursts, nor epileptiform discharge, suggesting that component 1 alone is not sufficient for the subsequent events that may be essential to the seizure-triggering mechanism.
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PMID:Kindling-induced changes in the EEG recorded during stimulation from the site of stimulation. II. Comparison between spontaneous and evoked potentials. 358 56

An epileptiform syndrome was induced in rats by injection of tetanus toxin (approximately 10 mouse LD50) unilaterally into the hippocampus. Continuous EEG records were obtained from implanted hippocampal electrodes for periods of 4-7 weeks in 14 rats. In a pilot study of two of these rats, three more recording electrodes were placed in other brain areas. Six of the rats (including the latter two) were simultaneously filmed using time-lapse videorecording, and the relationships between EEG events and overt motor fits were assessed using a split-screen video monitoring system. Characteristic peaks and troughs in the numbers of overt fits occurring each day were noted in all the rats that were filmed, and less marked peaks occurred in the numbers of hippocampal seizure discharges. At the start of the syndrome, seizure discharges occurred without accompanying fits; then overt fits occurred with some of the discharges; later the animals stopped having fits but seizure discharges continued to occur alone for several weeks. Fits only occurred with longer seizure discharges (more than approximately 30 s), but not all longer seizures were associated with fits. Whether or not a hippocampal seizure discharge leads to a motor fit appears to depend not on the nature of the electrical activity in the hippocampus but probably on the properties of areas, such as the cingulate gyrus, to which the seizure activity may spread. Large epileptiform spikes occurred throughout the syndrome, and their frequency was often increased for some minutes after a seizure discharge. While there was an overall correlation between the number of fits and the number of seizure discharges occurring during the entire syndrome, within relatively brief periods this relation was not consistent. The occurrence of motor fits was often associated with a decrease in seizure discharge frequency. In the four rats with bilateral electrodes, some independent EEG activity was observed in the uninjected hippocampus.
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PMID:Limbic epilepsy induced by tetanus toxin: a longitudinal electroencephalographic study. 362 17

Musculoskeletal complications from seizures produced by epilepsy, eclampsia, hyponatremia, electroconvulsive therapy, and severe tetanus have been described. We present a case of a fracture-dislocation of the manubriosternal joint as a complication of seizures, which to the best of our knowledge has not previously been reported.
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PMID:Fracture-dislocation of manubriosternal joint: an unusual complication of seizures. 380 24

We have assessed the relative neurochemical effects of valproic acid, ethosuximide, and diazepam on dissociated cultures of mouse cerebral cortex. Cultures were exposed chronically (11 days) to each antiepileptic drug and assayed for number of neurons, total protein, tetanus toxin fixation, high-affinity uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid and beta-alanine, choline acetyltransferase activity, and specific and clonazepam-displaceable benzodiazepine binding. Ethosuximide-exposed cultures did not evidence neuronal toxicity; exposure to valproic acid and diazepam resulted in modest neuronal toxicity. However, exposure to each of these drugs resulted in a marked reduction in benzodiazepine binding. This effect may relate to a common mechanism of action of drugs used to treat absence seizures.
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PMID:Differential neurochemical effects of chronic exposure of cerebral cortical cell culture to valproic acid, diazepam, or ethosuximide. 393 44

One hundred ninety-nine temporary hospital employees were given preplacement medical examinations during the New York City hospital strike in 1984. Major findings pertain to susceptibility to communicable disease and to drug abuse. Sixty-three percent of individuals examined were found to be inadequately immunized against diphtheria and tetanus, 41% to be susceptible to rubella, and 12.6% to be tuberculin skin test positive. Three percent had positive urine toxicologies for either cocaine, heroin, or phencyclidine and were subsequently denied employment. Thirteen percent had potentially significant physical findings. One individual was denied employment pending treatment; two individuals with seizure disorders were placed in noncritical areas. Forty-one percent of individuals examined smoked and were eligible for smoking cessation programs.
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PMID:Preplacement examination of temporary hospital workers. 398 Dec 74

Carbamazepine (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg) given three times a day, has been demonstrated to have a significant anti-epileptic effect in rats with chronic limbic epilepsy induced by injecting tetanus toxin bilaterally into their hippocampi. This effect involved a reduction in the maximum number of fits occurring on one day, and with the highest dose, a significant reduction in the total number of fits. In a pilot experiment in which continuous EEG records were obtained throughout the syndrome, it appeared that the effect of carbamazepine was to reduce the proportion of EEG seizure discharges which lead to overt motor fits. With the higher drug dose plasma levels of carbamazepine were maintained around 2 micrograms/ml. This experimental epilepsy produces enduring deficits in the rats' memories for a light-discrimination task in a Y-maze learned before induction of epilepsy (8 weeks after initial learning). If the rats are dosed with carbamazepine during their epilepsy this memory deficit is abolished.
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PMID:Antiepileptic and antiamnesic effect of carbamazepine in experimental limbic epilepsy. 403 50

A chronic epileptic syndrome can be induced by injecting minute doses of tetanus toxin into rat hippocampi. This causes intermittent epileptic fits over a period of 2-4 weeks, after which the fits cease, and the electroencephalogram (e.e.g.) appears to return to normal over the following 2-3 weeks. However, once they have recovered from the seizures, the rats exhibit a remarkably persistent impairment of learning and memory, which is the subject of the present study. Learning ability was assessed using a radial arm maze task, in which the rats had to visit each of eight arms for a food reward. The toxin-injected rats learnt this task more slowly than control-injected. Evoked potentials from the CA3 pyramidal cells were recorded in terminal experiments under halothane anaesthesia. Long term potentiation of the post-synaptic response to the commissural pathway from the contralateral hippocampus appeared to be unaffected by the previous toxin treatment, at least over periods of up to 5 h. The toxin-injected group differed from the control in having consistently smaller post-synaptic population spikes in their evoked responses, so that stimuli were less effective in exciting the post-synaptic neurones. This applied both to the contralateral commissural input, and to the ipsilateral mossy fibre input. No differences were found between the toxin and control groups in the size of the antidromic population spike in the commissural response, or in the population excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.) for either input. Thus the depressed output from CA3 pyramidal cells cannot be explained either by a loss of these neurones (confirming earlier neuropathological observations), or by a loss of excitatory afferents. While its precise cause remains unknown, the depressed output from the CA3 region was statistically correlated with the learning impairment, and we believe provides a reasonable explanation of this behavioural deficit.
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PMID:Long-term changes in hippocampal physiology and learning ability of rats after intrahippocampal tetanus toxin. 407 43

1. The maturation of the convulsogenic activity of the caudal brainstem and spinal cord in the developing albino rat was studied by intraperitoneal injections of strychnine sulphate.2. The observed responses were classed as hyperexcitability and hypertonic responses, graded 1 to 4. The complete tonic seizure (grade 4 hypertonic reaction, strychnine tetanus, maximal response) was obtained in all age groups, from birth to adulthood. The responses were grouped in sequences, and two patterns were distinguished: an infant one (from birth to 3 weeks) and an adult one (from 3 weeks on).3. All doses varied according to age. The curve obtained for the median convulsive dose falls into two parts: descending, from birth to 3 weeks, and ascending, from 3 weeks on. Each part corresponded to a sequence pattern, the descending one to the infant pattern, and the ascending one to the adult pattern.4. From these patterns and the corresponding median effective doses, three stages of the convulsogenic maturation of the spinal cord were distinguished: immaturity, pharmacological maturity and convulsogenic maturity.5. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for the complete tonic seizure is fully functional from birth, while that responsible for clonic seizure only reaches full maturity at 3 weeks of age.
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PMID:Maturation of somatomotor responses to strychnine in the albino rat. 568 83


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