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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI) is a newly recognized epileptic syndrome. It is characterized by multiple febrile seizures, often prolonged, subsequent development of uncontrollable mixed-myoclonic seizures, and, eventually, psychomotor retardation. Drugs for myoclonic epilepsy--valproate (VPA), the suximides, and the benzodiazepines--have been shown to be useful in SMEI. Among children with seizures in the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), one individual with SMEI was identified. This finding from the NCPP suggests that the incidence of SMEI is approximately 1 in 40,000 children. Such an incidence is supported by observations at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.
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PMID:Epidemiology of severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy. 169 45

Advances in imaging hardware for positron emission tomography and single-photon emission CT, coupled with a wide variety of radiopharmaceutical agents, have allowed these techniques to be used in the evaluation of neoplasm, stroke, epilepsy, and dementia. Cerebral perfusion agents continue to be the mainstay of single-photon emission CT imaging but, in addition to the evaluation of ischemia, it has seen an increasing role in the study of dementia, neuropsychiatric disorders, and seizures. Positron emission tomography scanning has had similar applications but it is playing a greater part in the evaluation of neoplasms, including primary gliomas and pituitary adenomas. Stable-xenon CT has shown value in the study of ischemia associated with meningitis, sickle cell disease, chronic subdural hematomas, and cerebral arteriovenous malformations. MR diffusion imaging shows promise in the evaluation of white matter pathology and some tumors.
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PMID:Physiologic imaging of the brain. 173 6

5 cases of ischemic strokes in young women who used oral contraceptives and smoked cigarettes are described in clinical and angiographic detail, the risk factors for moyamoya disease are discussed in a review or strokes in pill users, and the notion that oral contraceptive and smoking may cause a moyamoya pattern of stroke is proposed. The women were aged 20-32, used the pill from 2 weeks-8 years, had smoked approximately 10-20 pack-years. 2 women had headaches and 4 had transient ischemic attacks before their multifocal symptoms in visual, somatosensory and motor function, language, speech and cognition. 2 had seizures. Angiographic patterns of either supraclinoid stenosis (4) or proximal carotid artery stenosis (1) with the collateral circulation characteristic of moyamoya disease were evident in all, but there was no evidence of hemorrhagic infarction. There were no signs of atherosclerosis. Subtle signs of an immunologic process included antinuclear antibody titer of 1:160 in 1 woman, elevated sedimentation rate and elevated circulating immune complexes in another patient, and elevated cerebrospinal protein and IgG in a third woman. 4 of the patients remained stable after stopping oral contraceptives and stopping or reducing smoking. The 5th, who continued smoking, had progressive symptoms for 10 years. It was suggested that antibodies to ethinyl estradiol, a possible cause of this disorder, be further investigated.
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PMID:Accelerated intracranial occlusive disease, oral contraceptives, and cigarette use. 841 56

We reviewed the presentations, clinical courses, and outcomes of 42 children with unilateral hemispheric stroke. Infants with strokes identified within the first few days of life usually presented with seizures. These infants had few abnormal neurologic findings as neonates, but hemiparesis became evident as gross motor development proceeded. Infants with strokes identified later in the first year of life usually presented with pathologic early hand preference without a history of an ictus. During subsequent development, the motor deficits in these children became more evident, producing an apparent progression of the neurologic abnormalities. Strokes identified in older children typically presented as sudden hemiparesis, often associated with seizures. The hemiparesis in these children was most severe at the onset, followed by some improvement in strength in all patients. Functional outcome was variable. At last follow-up, all children were ambulatory, some with clinically apparent hemiparesis. Eight of the 42 children (19%) developed recurrent seizures with an onset ranging from 4 months to more than 10 years (median: 26 months) after the stroke.
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PMID:Presentation, clinical course, and outcome of childhood stroke. 176 34

The effect of oxiracetam (CGP 21690E, CAS 62613-82-5) on cerebrovascular impairment was investigated in rats. 1. After injection of tranylcypromine (a MAO inhibitor), spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) which had been previously infused with norepinephrine (NE) for 14 days displayed stroke-related behaviour including kangaroo-like posture, seizures and death. Administration of oxiracetam at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg/d p.o. for 14 days before tranylcypromine injection inhibited the stroke-related behaviour. 2. Bilateral common carotid and vertebral artery occlusion induced electroencephalogram (EEG) flattening, the EEG recovering gradually after re-perfusion of cerebral blood flow. Oxiracetam administered after the re-perfusion at a dose of 100 mg/kg, i.v. accelerated the recovery. This facilitatory effect was not seen when either piracetam (50 and 100 mg/kg i.v.) or idebenone (50 and 100 mg/kg i.v.) were administered. 3. Occlusion of middle cerebral artery produced cerebral infarction and disturbed the circadian rhythm of spontaneous motor activity with an relative increase of activity in the light period. Treatment with oxiracetam (400 mg/kg/d p.o.) for 14 days after the occlusion showed a tendency to an improvement in the disturbed circadian rhythm but did not influence the size of brain infarction. From these results, oxiracetam is thought to have a protective effect in cerebrovascular impairment.
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PMID:Effect of oxiracetam on cerebrovascular impairment in rats. 177 53

We describe a new case in which cocaine use was related to stroke and review the literature. Cocaine is increasingly used by drug addicts. The neurological complications are unpredictable. They include generalized or partial epileptic seizures, ischaemic or haemorrhagic cerebral vascular accident. In this case, stroke after intravenous drug injection is associated with rupture of an intra-cranial aneurysm. We put the accent on the difficulties to diagnose the cerebral stroke in cocaine abusers.
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PMID:[Aneurysm rupture and cocaine addiction]. 178 20

Eleven cases of periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED) with stroke (9 cases) or transient ischemic attacks are reported. PLEDs are often associated with depression of conscience (81%) or partial pure motor epileptic seizures (90%). PLEDs and seizures seem independent on EEG. Ischemic strokes associated with PLEDs have some characteristic features: old age, vascular risk factors, parieto-occipital areas infarcts and frequent association with TIAs. PLEDs seem to be often associated with watershed infarcts. The relations between PLEDs and cerebral ischemia are discussed.
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PMID:[EEG periodic lateralized activities associated with ischemic cerebro-vascular strokes: physiopathologic significance and localizing value]. 179 95

One to two per cent of children and up to 11% of adolescent have arterial hypertension. In most cases children and adolescent are not recognized to be hypertensive because physicians do not routinely measure blood pressure. Often the diagnosis is recognized only when the pediatric patients develop a complication: seizure, stroke, heart failure or paraplegia. Renovascular hypertension in children and adolescents is more common than all of the other causes combined, except for coarctation of the aorta. The diagnosis is not so easy and includes the usual history, physical examination (signs and symptoms of coarctation of the isthmic or abdominal aorta or of an abdominal mass or of one of the adrenal causes of hypertension), laboratory studies, abdominal ultrasound study and chest x-ray. Sometime a CAT can be usefull. The next steps are the early and rapid-sequence IVP, renal angiography and peripheral and renal renin activity. The management of renovascular hypertension in children and adolescent includes a conservative approach (percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty or renal embolization), rarely used in pediatric age, and the surgical treatment. This latter includes all the surgical procedures of renal revascularization and, in unilateral renal parenchymal diseases, the nephrectomy or a partial nephrectomy. The postoperative results are very good in a high percentage of cases. In bilateral cases, the revascularization surgical procedures improve or normalize also the impaired renal function.
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PMID:[Renovascular hypertension in childhood]. 182 81

Three elderly patients with partial motor seizures triggered by movement of posture of an extremity are presented. They had a history of diabetes mellitus. Two of them had nonketotic hyperglycemia. Hemiparesis was present in the three patients, which resolved in two. In the other patient, hemiparesis resulted from a previous stroke. All patients had transitory parietal syndrome. During seizures, EEG showed discharges in the parieto-occipital area in two cases and in the mid-temporal area in one. Seizures were resistant to conventional anticonvulsant therapy, and ceased only after treatment of metabolic disturbances. A search for reflex seizures and hyperglycemia should be carried out routinely in the elderly with repeated spontaneous focal motor seizures. This may be important for treatment and prognosis.
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PMID:[Partial motor seizures induced by movement in diabetic patients]. 184 94

The central nervous system (CNS) is clinically involved in approximately 40% of all systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) patients. Minor psychiatric symptoms and abnormalities on neuropsychological testing are being detected with increasing frequency. This review summarizes current thinking concerning the diagnosis and pathogenesis of CNS lupus. The main symptoms of CNS lupus can be diffuse (generalized seizures, psychosis) or focal (stroke, peripheral neuropathies). Neuropsychiatric symptoms often occur in the first year of SLE, but are rarely the presenting symptoms of the disease. In studies on the pathology of CNS lupus, vasculopathy, infarcts and haemorrhages are often observed, whereas vasculitis is rare. Endocardial lesions and mural thrombi have also been reported in 33-50% of CNS lupus patients. In diagnostic imaging of the CNS, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans often provide evidence for edema or small infarcts, both in focal and diffuse CNS lupus, whereas computerized tomography (CT) scans only show gross abnormalities. The first reports on position emission tomography (PET) scans in CNS lupus patients show decreased glucose uptake in the brain. The cerebral blood flow decreases during active diffuse and focal CNS lupus. The blood-brain barrier is somewhat more frequently impaired in diffuse CNS lupus. Intrathecal IgG and IgM production is observed in 25-66% of all CNS lupus patient. Various specificities of autoantibodies have been observed in CNS lupus. Of these, anticardiolipin (ACA) antibodies show a well-documented association with focal involvement of the CNS in SLE. These antibodies could cause thrombosis by interfering with the protein C pathway of fibrinolysis. In addition, they are associated with endocardial and valvular heart disease, which is often observed in SLE and which could cause embolism. The relation between ACA and diffuse CNS lupus is not yet clear. Low-avidity anti-DNA antibodies are also found in CNS lupus, possibly because of their cross-reaction with cardiolipin. Antineuronal antibodies and lymphocytotoxic antibodies have been associated with diffuse CNS lupus and abnormalities on neuropsychological testing. However, the population of these antibodies is rather heterogeneous and it has not been possible to assess a common target antigen. Therefore, it is still obscure whether there is also a second immune-mediated mechanism responsible for the development of the diffuse form of CNS lupus.
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PMID:Diagnosis and pathogenesis of CNS lupus. 186 69


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