Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a group of female in-patients clinically diagnosed as having non-epileptic attack disorder there was an increased incidence of a proven previous history of sexual abuse in childhood, when compared with a group of women with epilepsy and a group of women with other psychiatric disorders admitted to the same ward. This was particularly true of women with the 'swoon' and 'abreactive' type of non-epileptic attack disorder (see Part I). The incidence of a history of previous abuse was similar to the two control groups for other types of non-epileptic attack disorder. The swoon was seen as a cut-off phenomenon: the abreactive attack as a kind of acting out the memory of the abuse, part of a post-traumatic stress disorder. Both may respond to counselling for the abuse although it is too early to be certain, and there is a risk of further episodes of the non-epileptic attack disorder during periods of stress. Some patients with epilepsy, however, also had a history of previous sexual abuse: in some the stress of the abuse may have precipitated the epileptic seizures.
Seizure 1992 Mar
PMID:Diagnosis, management and prognosis of a group of 128 patients with non-epileptic attack disorder. Part II. Previous childhood sexual abuse in the aetiology of these disorders. 134 16

A patient is described who began to have paroxysmal convulsive behaviour, followed by a post-ictal aggression, which was initially diagnosed and treated as epilepsy. The behaviour began after the patient was raped. She had many of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. It is suggested that the paroxysmal behaviour was an 'acting out' of intrusive and vivid memories of the rape, so called 'flashbacks'. Because the rape had occurred comparatively recently and the events that occurred during the rape were known, it was easy, in this particular patient, to understand the relationship between the previous trauma and the paroxysmal behaviour. The case throws some light on the relationship between similar paroxysmal behaviour in the victims of child sexual abuse and the trauma they had suffered and explains why they behave in the way that they do.
Seizure 1992 Mar
PMID:Seizure behaviour in a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder following rape. Notes on the aetiology of 'pseudoseizures'. 134 18

Clinical observations of 37 alprazolam-dependent patients are presented. Seventeen inpatients and 20 outpatients, the majority suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, were withdrawn from alprazolam by means of clonazepam substitution in an open-label fashion. Two patients experienced rebound panic symptoms; true withdrawal syndromes were not observed. Although the limitations of an open series are evident, it was found that this method of discontinuation is safe and effective and, in particular, does not pose a danger of withdrawal seizures.
 ...
PMID:Withdrawal from alprazolam dependency using clonazepam: clinical observations. 233 1

Twenty-seven outpatients with video-EEG-documented pseudoseizures were interviewed by a psychiatrist to determine the historical course of seizures and diagnose the current presence of these DSM-III-R diagnoses: affective disorders (85%), dissociative disorders (85%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (33%). Their mean (26.7) and median (26.9) Dissociative Experiences Scale scores were elevated. Eighty-eight percent of subjects had sustained significant trauma, including sexual abuse/rape (77%) and physical abuse (70%). Four psychodynamic pathways to pseudoseizures were noted. Most commonly, pseudoseizures originated from dissociated personalities or ego states, were expressions of dissociated memories of child abuse, and were triggered by recent stresses or traumas.
 ...
PMID:Etiology and clinical course of pseudoseizures. Relationship to trauma, depression, and dissociation. 835 8

The hippocampal formation, which contains high levels of adrenal steroid receptors, is vulnerable to insults such as stroke, seizures, and head trauma, and it is also sensitive and vulnerable to the effects of stress. We have discovered that the hippocampus of rodents and tree shrews shows atrophy of pyramidal neurons in the CA3 region. Psychosocial stress and restraint stress produce atrophy over approximately 3-4 weeks. Atrophy is blocked by inhibiting adrenal steroid formation and by blocking the actions of excitatory amino acids using Dilantin or NMDA receptor inhibitors. Glucocorticoid administration also blocks CA3 atrophy, but Dilantin administration blocks this as well, indicating that excitatory amino acid release mediates the atrophy, which likely involves disassembly of the dendritic cytoskeleton. Studies with in vivo microdialysis in several laboratories have shown that glutamate release in the hippocampus increases in stress and that stress-induced glutamate release is reduced by adrenalectomy. Recent electron microscopy of mossy fiber terminals on CA3 neurons has revealed a depletion of synaptic vesicles as a result of repeated stress. The mossy fiber terminals appear to be responsible for driving atrophy of CA3 neurons, which involves principally atrophy of the apical dendrites. These results are discussed in relation to data from MRI showing atrophy of the whole human hippocampus in Cushing's disease, recurrent depressive illness, PTSD, and normal aging as well as dementia.
 ...
PMID:Stress effects on morphology and function of the hippocampus. 923 11

Beginning in 1990, the Department of Psychiatry. Tripler Army Medical Center developed a formal treatment program for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Between 1990 and 1996, 632 patients, the vast majority of whom suffered from combat-related PTSD, were treated. Historically, many PTSD patients were treated with benzodiazepines, often in high dosages. The risks attendant to benzodiazepine management of PTSD, coupled with poor clinical outcome, prompted the staff to explore treatment alternatives. This paper describes the role of pharmacotherapy in the management of PTSD. The medications described in this paper have other primary uses in clinical practice (e.g., hypertension, insomnia, seizure control, depression, and anxiety). Medications were selected for use based on the putative modes of action and the degree of symptom relief. The therapeutic rationale was to decrease hyperarousal and sleep disturbance to permit the patients to engage in other psychotherapeutic efforts.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacological management of post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical summary of a five-year retrospective study, 1990-1995. 929 Feb 98

Lasting changes in anxiety-like behavior (ALB) may be produced in several ways. These include partial limbic kindling, injection of the beta-carboline FG-7142, and brief, non-injurious, exposure of rodents to cats (predator stress). Both seizures and FG-7142 induce long-term potentiation (LTP) in efferent pathways of the amygdala known to participate in feline defensive behavior. By comparing the behavioral and physiological effects of partial kindling and injection of FG-7142, NMDA-dependent LTP in the right amygdalo-periacqueductal gray (PAG) pathway emerges as being critical to maintained increases in feline ALB. A similar dependence on NMDA-mediated processes is described for lasting increases in rodent ALB following predator stress. The lasting aftereffects of predator stress on a variety of measures parallel many of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Support is provided for the idea that behavioral changes following FG-7142 and predator stress may model anxiety associated with PTSD. Moreover, it is suggested that both models share mechanisms in common involving the PAG. These mechanisms likely involve initiation of LTP by NMDA receptors, and prolongation of LTP by CCKB receptors. To the extent that response to the stressors reviewed here mimics the symptoms of PTSD, the data implicate NMDA-mediated processes in the creation of what van der Kolk has called permanent emotional memories in PTSD. Their representation may be in the form of NMDA-dependent LTP of transmission within the amygdala and between the amygdala and its efferents. CCK may play a pivotal role in prolonging limbic LTP and anxiety following traumatic stress. Since block of CCKB receptors before and after the stressor prevents lasting increases in ALB, pharmacological intervention to block CCK receptors shortly after a traumatic stressor might be efficacious in mitigating the permanence of these emotional memories.
 ...
PMID:Transmitter systems involved in neural plasticity underlying increased anxiety and defense--implications for understanding anxiety following traumatic stress. 941

REM sleep behaviour disorder (RSBD) is a recently described parasomnia characterised by a history of excessive nocturnal motor activity and absence of muscle atonia during REM sleep. Only limited literature is available on this condition. The exact prevalence is unclear, but recent studies suggest it might not be an uncommon condition. The elderly are more often affected and there is a male preponderance. While transient RSBD can be seen after taking certain drugs or during drug withdrawal, the chronic type is usually idiopathic or associated with an underlying degenerative neurological condition. It can result in considerable distress and/or serious injury to the patients or their bed partners. Differential diagnoses include sleep-walking, night terrors, nightmares, nocturnal seizures, obstructive sleep apnoea, post-traumatic stress disorder, dissociative states and nocturnal confusional states. The dramatic response to clonazepam highlights the importance of recognition and appropriate treatment of this sleep disorder.
 ...
PMID:REM sleep behaviour disorder: an overview. 953 85

23 unselected juvenile firesetters (M age 12.0 yr.) consisted of seven with schizophrenia, three with organic mental disorder, six with posttraumatic stress disorder, two with severe mental retardation, and two with conduct disorders. Three previously nondestructive boys (M age 11.0 yr.), all of them loners, did not fit such traditional diagnoses. Their fleeting (c. 20 min.) symptoms included flat affect, autonomic arousal, and delusions or hallucinations. It appeared that their motiveless, unplanned acts were each preceded by a chance encounter with an individualized stimulus which revived the three boys' repeatedly ruminated memories of intermittently experienced merely moderate stresses associated with fire, smoke, or matches. Such a sequence of events is characteristic of seizure kindling. One boy's abnormal EEG was congruent with seizures in the temporal lobe area, which includes the amygdala, i.e., that part of the limbic system particularly susceptible to seizure kindling. The three boys' consistent symptomatology was very similar to that reported for 17 men with bizarre homicidal acts implicating a kindled partial seizure called "Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction." In primates, too, similar partial nonconvulsive "behavioral seizures" with psychosis-like symptoms can be elicited through experiential kindling.
 ...
PMID:Motiveless firesetting: implicating partial limbic seizure kindling by revived memories of fires in "Limbic Psychotic Trigger Reaction". 1040 7

The paper gives a brief review of human molybdenum metabolism and toxicity and presents the first known case of acute clinical poisoning with molybdenum from the dietary molybdenum (Mo) supplement in a male patient in late thirties. In over 18 days, the patient had consumed a cumulative dose of 13.5 mg Mo (300-800 micrograms Mo/day). Followed the development of acute psychosis with visual and auditory hallucinations, a series of petit mal seizures, and one life threatening grand mal attack. The symptoms remitted several hours after the start of chelation therapy with calcium ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (CaEDTA). A battery of neuropsychological tests and Spectral Emission Computer Tomography demonstrated evident frontal cortical damage of the brain. One year after the Mo poisoning, the patient was diagnosed toxic encephalopathy with executive deficiencies, learning disability, major depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The paper strongly advocates issuance of and strict adherence to written warnings on the instruction labels not to mix potentially harmful neurotoxic substances, such as molybdenum, with other nutriceuticals and to instructions stating maximal single and cumulative doses. Molybdenum is a new and unwelcome member of the "metal madness" family.
 ...
PMID:A case report of acute human molybdenum toxicity from a dietary molybdenum supplement--a new member of the "Lucor metallicum" family. 1064 45


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next >>