Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a series of 2.980 brain-injured patients, 84 (2.8%) showed epileptic seizures. Epilepsy occurred with a higher incidence rate in operated patients (11.6%) than in non operated ones (1.2%). Seizures appeared within the first week since trauma in 91% of the cases. They have been single in 48%, recurring in 34%, with figures of status epilepticus in 16% partial in 61%, and GM in 33%. Prognosis quoad vitam of early epilepsy seems to be favourable, however, in severely brain-injured patients, seizures occur more frequently and may determine a worsening of the clinical picture even if they are not responsible for the death.
 ...
PMID:Early post traumatic seizures in adults. Study of 84 cases. 11 39

Drug treatment of status epilepticus is reviewed. Tonic-clonic, focal motor, complex partial and absence status epilepticus are discussed. In managing tonic-clonic status epilepticus one should: (1) maintain vital functions at all times, (2) identify and treat precipitating factors and (3) administer an intravenous loading dose of phenytoin sodium or phenobarbital sodium. Careful use of i.v. diazepam sometimes helps to achieve these objectives. Intravenous phenytoin sodium and phenobarbital sodium provide definitive, long-term control of tonic-clonic seizures but must be administered slowly and require time to reach peak brain concentrations. Intravenous diazepam appears to enter and exit from the brain rapidly and may control seizures while therapeutic brain concentrations of long-acting drugs are being achieved. Phenytoin, phenobarbital and diazepam should not be administered intramuscularly in treating status epilepticus. Treatment of focal motor and complex partial status epilepticus is similar to that of tonic-clonic status epilepticus, but i.v. diazepam is required less frequently and loading doses of phenytoin and phenobarbital sometimes can be given more slowly. Status epilepticus of the absence type is managed with i.v. acetazolamide sodium or diazepam. Paraldehyde, muscle relaxants, general anesthesia and lidocaine may be tried when conventional therapies fail.
 ...
PMID:Drug therapy reviews: drug therapy of status epilepticus. 15 Feb 28

A 62-year-old woman developed neurologic deficits 7 months after pulmonary lobectomy for alveolar cell carcinoma of the lung. CT scan of the head demonstrated two metastases with marked peritumoral edema. Administration of Decadron, chemotherapy and 3,000 rad cranial radiation resulted in dramatic improvement of dysphasia and right hand paresis. Almost 2 months later, rhythmic, involuntary movements of the left hand developed. There was progression to multifocal seizures, grand mal seizures, postictal depression, status epilepticus, and coma, with death 9 days after onset of the movement disorder. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma was widely disseminated in lungs and bones, and as three metastases in brain. Bland "ischemic" necrosis in a pseudolaminar pattern was present in the neocortex. Innumerable Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodenodroglia. Immunofluorescence demonstrated Herpes simplex virus type 2 antigen and electron microscopy revealed virions with the morphology of the Herpes group. The case is significant for (1) the concurrence of intracranial metastases and Herpes simplex encephalitis, and (2) the causal agent, Herpes simplex virus type 2. The implication for the clinical neurocientist is the potential in a patient with systemic cancer, for the causation of neurologic complications by more than one factor or mechanism.
 ...
PMID:Herpes simplex type 2 encephalitis concurrent with known cerebral metastases. 22 22

Six patients suffering from status epilepticus were refractory to parenteral treatment with either diazepam, amobarbital or both, and were given sodium valproate 200 to 800 mg every 6 hours. The drug was administered rectally as 200 mg lipid-based suppositories, thereby avoiding impaired absorption, which occurs in the presence of paralytic ileus. Plasma levels of sodium valproate in all patients reached the therapeutic range within 36 hours of starting therapy. Seizures were totally controlled in five patients and a 75 percent reduction was noted in the sixth. In two patients, the route of administration was changed from rectal to an equivalent oral dose with continuing control of seizures and minimal change in plasma levels, suggesting that bioavailability is similar for the two forms of the drug. The rectal route of administration was effective in achieving systemic absorption of sodium valproate in the treatment of status epilepticus.
 ...
PMID:Rectal administration of sodium valproate in status epilepticus. 35 13

Cerebral angiography in 5 patients in idiopathic focal status epilepticus demonstrated a hypervascular pattern consisting of arteriolar or capillary "blush" with early filling veins and corresponding to the seizure focus; however, there was no evidence of vascular occlusion, neovascularity, or mass effect except for minimal local brain swelling. All showed clearing of neurological deficits; repeat angiograms in 2 patients after arrest of seizure activity returned to normal with complete disappearance of the hypervascular pattern. This reversible but potentially misleading angiographic pattern should be recognized as a benign process.
 ...
PMID:Hypervascular pattern associated with idiopathic focal status epilepticus. 40 73

The study was carried out on 28 children: 18 with partial seizures in the first five days of life, and among them 4 with status epilepticus; 7 had focal seizures between the first and eight week, 3 generalised tonic seizures with assymetrical EEGs. A clinical and electro-physiological study was carried out at the time of onset, 1 month later and again at 4 months. The results of the clinical and EEG examinations showed: -firstly during the seizures, the gravity of neonatal status epilepticus and of certain EEG patterns, the lack of localising value of seizures and of electroencephalographic critical discharges whereas permanent assymetry of background activity can precede by several months the appearance of clinical signs. -at the examination one month later the prognostic importance of definite neurological signs always associated with EEG abnormalities whereas some isolated EEG abnormalities do not have any prognostic value as far cerebral maturation is concerned. -at the final examination: the possibility after 4 months of age, of focal neurological signs not present at the earlier examinations. This study underlines the importance of precise electroclinical correlations at different developmental stages, specifically at one and four months of age in children with neonatal seizures.
 ...
PMID:[Clinical and electrophysiological evolution of infants presenting with partial seizures before the age of two months (author's transl)]. 41 39

EEG operant conditioning in an alumina-gel monkey model (N = 14) to decrease EMG, to increase 9 Hz or decrease 9 Hz, and to increase 23 Hz (18 Hz and 26 Hz in 2 pilot monkeys), respectively, was not consistently beneficial in reducing seizures. The data suggested: (1) that desynchronization of the EEG by reinforcing 18-26 Hz decreased in some animals the extent and severity of seizures while increasing seizure frequency; (2) that attending during conditioned EMG suppression reduced seizures somewhat; and (3) that the operant conditioning setting became stressful to the majority of monkeys under certain conditions, precipitating status epilepticus, gastrointestinal disturbances, and shock, which culminated in the death of 3 animals. Certain precautions are discussed in the therapeutic application of this technique to epileptic patients.
 ...
PMID:EEG operant conditioning in a monkey model: I. Seizure data. 41 66

Difficulty in correlating EEG abnormalities with clinical seizures is emphasized in this case report of an epileptic patient with electrical status epilepticus and normal behavior. In addition, the usefulness of dichotic listening tests in the identification of subtle perceptive and expressive impairments is illustrated in this same patient at a time of noncompliance with anticonvulsant therapy.
 ...
PMID:Electroencephalographic absence status with minimal behavior change. 43 40

The distinction between hysterical and organically determined epileptic seizures may be more difficult than is sometimes supposed, and misdiagnosis can have dire consequences. Hysterical seizures may on occasions present as life-threatening crises requiring urgent and intensive treatment. Three such cases, each of which received the diagnosis of status epilepticus, are reported, and their management is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Status epilepticus. An uncommon hysterical conversion syndrome. 47 67

Progressive cerebral ischemia was induced by blood pressure (BP) reduction in rats during status epilepticus, and the sequence of cerebral functional (EEG, extracellular K+ activity) and metabolic (levels of high energy phosphates, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate) changes were determined. Very moderate reductions of BP were accompanied by tissue lactate accumulation and a decrease of the rate of re-uptake of K+ extruded during discharges. These changes were pronounced at BP about 50 mm Hg, when also the energy state showed some deterioration, and the EEG activity changed from one of bursts and suppressions into single spikes. At BP about 30 mm Hg EEG activity was abolished, but not until a slightly lower BP level was there a severe energy depletion and a massive K+ release, indicating generalized membrane depolarization. The results show an increased susceptibility to ischemia during seizures with changes of membrane pump function, and energy metabolism appearing at moderate reductions of BP. Concomitant decrease of seizure activity delayed to some extent the development of massive energy failure and membrane depolarization.
 ...
PMID:Effects of reduced cerebral blood flow upon EEG pattern, cerebral extracellular potassium, and energy metabolism in the rat cortex during bicuculline-induced seizures. 49 17


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>