Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Focal accumulations of E-face intramembranous particles occur in spinal cord axons of myelin-deficient rat mutants. These resemble nodal particles and, like them, may represent voltage-sensitive sodium channels. It is proposed that axonal activity at these foci could increase extracellular potassium to the point of triggering activity in adjacent axons. Rapid spread of such potassium-induced activity among bare axons could underlie the seizures and other neurological abnormalities that develop in this mutant. A similar mechanism may account for the paroxysmal attacks sometimes seen in multiple sclerosis.
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PMID:Intramembranous particle patches in myelin-deficient rat axons. 406 51

During an eight year period, 32 patients with definite or suspected multiple sclerosis (MS) were seen with paroxysmal neurological disturbances, which included tonic seizures, paroxysmal dysarthria, paraesthesiae and pain in the limbs, as well as trigeminal neuralgia. In 21 of these patients the paroxysmal disorders were treated with carbamazepine, and in six the effect was compared with placebo. In the majority carbamazepine was effective in controlling the paroxysmal symptoms. Side-effects were troublesome in a few patients, but they could usually tolerate small doses, which still gave relief. Although the patho-physiological basis for these paroxysmal disorders remains unexplained, their response to carbamazepine suggests a common mechanism.
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PMID:Treatment of paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis with carbamazepine (Tegretol). 550 82

The immune system may interfere with brain function. The central nervous system may also influence the activity of the immune system. The central nervous system is functionally protected by the blood-brain barrier. The central nervous system is functionally protected by the blood-brain barrier. The endothelial cells of the brain capillaries are linked by tight junctions, resulting in an almost continuous interior wall which restricts the transfer of plasma proteins. The barrier function is modified by inflammatory meningeal lesions, stroke and epileptic seizures. Antigenic material may penetrate the barrier and enter the nerve tissue. The phagocytic cells in the central nervous system are mainly of haematogenous origin. The number of such cells in the brain is very low. There are also few lymphocytes under normal circumstances. These cells circulate from the blood, through the vessel walls and into the perivascular spaces, along the perivascular channels and to the CSF and back to the blood. This circulation may increase enormously during inflammatory conditions. In multiple sclerosis, the number of T-lymphocytes in the CSF is increased, corresponding to a preponderance of T-lymphocytes in the perivascular cell infiltrates in and around the lesions. Thus, the individual elements of the immune system are all present in the brain, which is only partially immunologically privileged. The mechanisms underlying the brain's immunological privilege may be of a non-immunological nature. As yet there are only few data which indicate that auto-immunity is a prominent feature in diseases of the human brain. The central nervous system also exerts a modulating influence upon the immune response. This may take place both by secretion of hormones and by a nervous/neurotransmitter influence upon the immune system.
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PMID:The immune system and the nervous system. 619 Oct 6

Four teenagers with partial epileptic seizures presented focal cortical enhanced CT scan images. Angiographies were normal. Stereotactic biopsies revealed astrocytic proliferation. CT scan abnormalities diminished or vanished in some months. On long-term follow-up seizures were either less frequent or disappeared. None of the possible aetiologic hypotheses (astrocytoma, encephalitis, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, vascular malformation) was fully satisfying. Nevertheless, a regressive evolution observed in these four patients demonstrates that acquired epileptogenic lesions during adolescence are not always of poor prognosis.
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PMID:[Partial epilepsies of adolescence with computer tomography abnormalities, localized astrocytic reaction and spontaneously remitting course]. 642 75

Erroneous signals of vestibular origin can cause sudden falls without warning. Drop attacks of vestibular origin in our experience most commonly occurred in patients with late or end-stage endolymphatic hydrops (usually idiopathic, ie, Meniere's disease). Eponymically termed Tumarkin's otolithic crisis, drop attacks of vestibular origin must be distinguished from drop attacks due to cardiovascular abnormalities, seizure disorders, vertebral basilar arterial insufficiency (transitory brain stem ischemia), multiple sclerosis, and drug-induced motor control disturbances. The treatment of choice for drop attacks of vestibular origin is either surgical ablation (labyrinthectomy) in the absence of serviceable hearing or middle fossa vestibular nerve section in order to preserve serviceable hearing.
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PMID:Diagnosis and management of drop attacks of vestibular origin: Tumarkin's otolithic crisis. 681 Feb 73

We studied the frequency of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with various neurological diseases. We used a micromethod employing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that required only 50 microliters of unconcentrated CSF. Oligoclonal bands were detected in the CSF of 95% of the patients with multiple sclerosis, 90% with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and 100% with herpes simplex encephalitis, but less frequently in other central nervous system infections. No oligoclonal bands were detected in the CSF of patients with Parkinson, Huntington, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, or herniated disc diseases. Bands were detected in some patients with Alzheimer disease, cerebrovascular accident, idiopathic vertigo, idiopathic seizures, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, polyneuropathy, and central nervous system glioma. Patients with other conditions infrequently had positive bands. The determination of oligoclonal bands is a useful aid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis. The presence of oligoclonal bands indicates an immunological response but is not diagnostic for a particular condition.
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PMID:Oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid in various neurological diseases. 683 75

The article reviews the problems involved in perioperative care of patients suffering from myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease as well as diseases associated with seizures or convulsions. The pros and cons of the various methods of anaesthesia are described. The problems associated with the anaesthesiological care of psychiatric patients are explained particularly regarding interactions between neuroleptics and narcosis. General rules preference of a specific method of anaesthesia in neurological and psychiatric patients do not exist.
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PMID:[Anesthesia in patients with neurologic and psychiatric diseases]. 689 Jul 78

The authors report three cases of multiple sclerosis which presented, during its course, paroxysmal attacks, also denominated brain-stem seizures. They review the literature with special reference to the incidence and the clinical forms of these paroxysmal phenomena, and they discuss the proposed pathogenic mechanisms. According to the authors, the literature review and the clinical picture of their cases, have shown a direct relation between these paroxysmal symptoms and a neighboring bout of the disease. They may also appear as an isolate "abortive bout". A partially demielinated lesion at brain-stem level, possibly by a transversely spreading ephatic activation, is suggested to explain the clinical phenomena.
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PMID:[Paroxysmal phenomena in multiple sclerosis. Brain stem crisis]. 724 47

The authors studied the changes of inositol concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid in 97 neurological patients. The highest values were found in cases of chronic ischalgia or brachial plexus painful syndromes and in multiple sclerosis, and the lowest ones in patients with generalized epileptic seizures. Intermediate values were observed in cases of headaches of different aetiology, in painful spinal syndromes without radiological changes, epidemic vertigo and craniocerebral injuries with brain commotion.
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PMID:[Inositol in the cerebrospinal fluid in various nervous system diseases]. 726 53

Based on provisional clinical diagnosis, the choice of computed cranial tomography (CCT) or radionuclide brain scan (RBS) was retrospectively evaluated. In 1,333 selected cases, 551 had CCT only, 560 had RBS only, and 222 had both. CCT was the clinician's preference in cases of dementia, hydrocephalus, hemorrhage, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), primary tumor, visual abnormality, coma, and multiple sclerosis. RBS was preferred in headache, syncope, seizure, transient ischemic attack (TIA), metastatic disease, and encephalitis. Neither procedure appeared preferable in cases of psychosis, psychiatric disease, cerebral vascular accident (CVA), and abscess. Thirty-eight percent of CCTs yielded abnormal findings, not necessarily correlated with the provisional diagnosis. Thirty percent of RBS showed positive findings, mostly related to vascular abnormalities. On the basis of the provisional clinical diagnosis, CCT was more frequently requested for probable structural changes and RBS for probable perfusion abnormalities.
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PMID:Utility of the provisional clinical diagnosis as a basis for selection of computed tomographic or radionuclide brain scan. 727 14


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