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Query: UMLS:C0036572 (seizures)
 80,221 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three single CSF proteins with different molecular size (albumin, immunoglobulin G, and alpha2-macroglobulin) were determined by the method of electroimmunoassay in 61 children with febrile convulsions (FC) in order to evaluate the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier (B-CSF-B). Forty-two children with acute extracerebral infection served as controls. In contrast to a group of 22 children who suffered from acute meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, the CSF values of 48 children with FC were within normal limits. Thus even a very mild form of inflammatory encephalopathy-undetectable with conventional CSF investigation-was excluded in the majority of the children with FC. In 11 patients, however, CSF concentrations of albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin were abnormally raised, indicating a B-CSF-B distrubance. Elevated albumin values were found most frequently. In several children with FC lasting more than 20-30 min, B-CSF-B damage was probably caused by prolonged seizure activity since there is a linear correlation between albumin concentration and duration of convulsions. Several other factors known to raise the children's risk of developing epilepsy in later life were associated with the protein pattern of B-CSF-B disturbance in some of the children. In these cases, the cause of abnormal permeability of B-CSF-B is unknown and the condition might have existed prior to the occurrence of seizures.
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PMID:Febrile convulsions and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. 7 3

The authors report a case of facial hemispasm in a 7 years old child observed for several years. Spasms appeared at the age of 13 months. Based on the observations and results of clinical investigations the authors come to conclusion that facial hemispasm in this case was probably due to irritation of the facial nerve coexisting with epileptic seizures. They assume that a diffuse central nervous system damage is present in the patient, probably due to meningoencephalitis at the age of 3 months.
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PMID:[Diagnostic difficulties in facial hemispasm in a child]. 41 46

The neurological manifestations of six cases of acquired central nervous system toxoplasmosis are compared with the 39 well-documented cases from the literature. Half of the patients had underlying systemic diseases (18 malignant neoplasms, two renal transplants, three collagen vascular diseases) treated with intensive immunosuppressive therapy. The remainder had primary toxoplasmosis. Three major neurological patterns were seen: (1) diffuse encephalopathy with or without seizures, (2) meningoencephalitis, and (3) singular or multiple progressive mass lesions. Routine neurological diagnostic studies were not helpful. The Sabin-Feldman dye test or IgM indirect fluorescent antibody test or both were effective in confirming the diagnosis. Twenty-seven patients died without a clinical diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis was made terminally in four additional patients. Thirteen of fourteen patients who received a full course of sulfadiazine or pyrimethamine or both did well. Toxoplasmosis should be considered in the immunosuppressed patient who appears with neurological involvement.
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PMID:Acquired toxoplasmosis. A neglected cause of treatable nervous system disease. 109 93

The ability of neuronally isolated human cerebral cortex to sustain epileptiform rhythms over long time intervals is unknown. We report here two patients after functional hemispherectomy for infantile hemiplegia and infantile meningoencephalitis. Both patients had intractable seizures. EEG performed early and up to 3 years after surgery showed persistent epileptiform activity in the isolated frontal cortex in both cases. This indicates that human isolated cortex retains its epileptogenic potential for years, independently of subcortical influences. Previous related animal and human studies are briefly reviewed.
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PMID:Epileptiform activity in chronically isolated cerebral cortex in humans. 137 46

292 cases of tardy epilepsy were studied. 242 cases of them had undertaken CT scanning, these results were compared with the results of EEG the patients with local seizures or local abnormalities on EEG had a significantly high abnormality rate on the CT scans. In 114 cases (39%) the causes of the seizures were due to head injury, cerebrovascular disease, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, brain tumor, or excessive alcoholic drinking. The authors were of the opinion that although no relation could be found between the history and abnormal findings on CT scans, the patients with tardy epilepsy should undertake CT scanning early.
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PMID:[Tardy epilepsy--clinical analysis of 292 cases]. 159 59

A case of tuberculous meningitis, proved by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures, is reported due to atypical findings in CSF. This 19-year-old man developed subacute headache and fever for 2 weeks, followed by focal seizure and left hemiparesis. Initial CSF study showed hemorrhagic lymphocytic pleocytosis with mildly elevated protein and normal sugar content, mimicking viral or postinfectious meningoencephalitis. Follow-up CSF studies showed polymorphonuclear pleocytosis. A concomitant bacterial meningoencephalitis was suspected, though repeated CSF cultures did not isolate any bacteria. The activity of adenosine deaminase in CSF was 12 U/L, highly suggestive of tuberculous meningitis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed only a focal meningoencephalitis in the right lateral frontal cortex. Due to progressive deterioration of the clinical status, umbrella therapy, including antimycobacterial drugs and strong antibiotics were given. At a later time, growth of tubercle bacilli was reported in the CSF cultures. Follow-up study of MRI 4 months later, showed thick abnormal enhancement in the basal cisterns and obstructive hydrocephalus, typical findings of chronic basal meningitis.
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PMID:Atypical presentations of tuberculous meningitis--a case report. 165 88

In the immunocompromised patient, even mild forms of any combination of headache, meningismus, altered mental status, or focal neurologic signs should initiate an evaluation for possible CNS infection. The limited signs and symptoms of acute CNS infection are not due to specific organisms but to pathologic changes at the neuroanatomic site of infection. The initial clinical history, examination, laboratory, and neuroradiographic data will narrow the problem to one of several groups of agents, although it may not be possible to specify a single causative agent. It should be remembered that several concurrent infections (i.e., CMV and toxoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and bacterial sepsis) may be present. Thus, the clinician should rely on broad antibiotic coverage appropriate to the suspected causative agent or agents at the site of infection. It may be necessary to offer broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage for a CSF presentation that is subsequently found to result from a viral illness or from a noninfectious cause. However, one should avoid undertreating those infections for which specific therapy can be offered, and broad-spectrum treatment usually will not be regretted. Uncertainty in diagnosis following noninvasive procedures should lead to a brain biopsy. Although many of the infections discussed in this article have a poor prognosis, some of the most common pathogens, such as Cryptococcus, Listeria, and Toxoplasma, have effective specific therapies to which the patient should have access as rapidly as possible. The clinician who has successfully treated a patient with CNS infection should remain vigilant for late sequelae or recurrence of infection. Chronic treatment of some infections, such as toxoplasmosis or aspergillosis, may be necessary. The reintroduction of steroids for the treatment of an underlying cancer may reactivate previously treated disease, such as cryptococcosis, and periodic CSF surveillance is appropriate under these circumstances. Recurrence of the symptoms should raise the suspicion of recurrent or new infection, and the patient also should be evaluated with CT or MRI for the development of hydrocephalus or for new metastatic disease. In patients who have had varicella-zoster infection, postherpetic neuralgia and delayed arteritis may develop. Seizures, hearing loss, and neuropsychologic sequelae may follow any meningoencephalitis. The patient should always be reevaluated for the possibility of infection with a different opportunistic organism. CNS infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients with malignancies. In one series, 60% of such patients died as a result of their CNS infection, many at a time when the underlying disease had an otherwise good prognosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Central nervous system infections in cancer patients. 175 29

Twenty seven cases (13 male, 14 female) in the age group of 3-12 years with cerebral cysticercosis were studied and followed up to 3.9 years (mean 1.85 +/- 0.91 years). Seizures (partial 76% and generalized 23.8%) was the feature in 21 patients (77.7%) and raised intracranial tension in 15 (55.5%). Five patients (18.2%) had meningoencephalitis, while 4 (14.8%) had obstructive hydrocephalus due to intraventricular cysts in the 4th ventricle. Twenty two patients received cysticidal drugs (praziquantel or albendazole), while 8 had surgical intervention (CSF diversion, cyst removal, subtemporal decompression or extirpation of the cortical cyst). Mortality was 18.2%. Survivors had epilepsy in 18 patients (81.8%), dementia in 2 (9%), mental subnormality in 6 (27.2%) and hyperkinesia in 12 (54.5%).
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PMID:Neurocysticercosis in children. 180 53

A total of 21 cases of childhood neurocysticercosis seen over five years (1985-89) at JIPMER hospital Pondicherry, are reported. Nine of these patients were males and twelve females. Their age ranged between 5 to 15 years. The presenting features were convulsive seizures (14), features of raised intracranial pressure (6) and meningoencephalitis syndrome (1). Diagnosis of neurocysticercosis was based on positive CSF serological tests (11), CT morphology (11), brain biopsy (1) and autopsy (1). Praziquantel therapy was given in 4 cases, 3 of them showed remarkable improvement in neurological status and one died of acute reaction.
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PMID:Childhood neurocysticercosis in south India. 181 77

A fatal case of severe meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in a compromised alcoholic has been described. Unconsciousness, full meningeal symptoms with slight lateralisation of signs, seizures, respiratory failure within three days before death have been observed.
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PMID:[A case of Listeria meningoencephalitis with a fatal result]. 181 20


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